diff --git a/Documento/Hydrogen_Project.bib b/Documento/Hydrogen_Project.bib
new file mode 100644
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@@ -0,0 +1,591 @@
+
+@inproceedings{ref1,
+	address = {Ixtapa},
+	title = {Water electrolysis experimental characterization and numerical model: {Case} of study with three kind of electrodes},
+	isbn = {978-1-5386-0819-7},
+	shorttitle = {Water electrolysis experimental characterization and numerical model},
+	url = {http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/8261687/},
+	doi = {10.1109/ROPEC.2017.8261687},
+	abstract = {Hydrogen is considered as a reliable energy storage medium for sustainable and renewable energy systems in the future. The production of hydrogen by alkaline electrolysis of water consists of the application of an electric potential that allows separating the H2O in molecular gaseous hydrogen and oxygen particles. Thus, in order to develop more suitable systems the use of models based in the finite element method has been recently explored. However, no especial attention has been paid in the selection of the electrode’s material. In this work, a finite element model was developed based in the current distribution theory and Nernst and Butler-Volmer equations. The model and experiments consider three types of electrodes. Finally, the model results and experimental data were compared to observe a disturbing behavior in the equilibrium potencial, this could be attributed to a low reduction potencial in electrode’s components. Index Terms—Electrolysis, hydrogen and finite element method.},
+	language = {en},
+	urldate = {2026-01-29},
+	booktitle = {2017 {IEEE} {International} {Autumn} {Meeting} on {Power}, {Electronics} and {Computing} ({ROPEC})},
+	publisher = {IEEE},
+	author = {Lopez-Garcia, Nadia A. and Rodriguez-Tapia, Marina E. and Vergara-Hernandez, Hector J. and Chavez-Campos, Gerardo M.},
+	month = nov,
+	year = {2017},
+	pages = {1--4},
+	file = {PDF:C\:\\Users\\ponce\\Zotero\\storage\\I5DJPC3X\\Lopez-Garcia et al. - 2017 - Water electrolysis experimental characterization and numerical model Case of study with three kind.pdf:application/pdf},
+}
+
+@article{ref3,
+	title = {Optimización basada en modelos de sistemas de electrólisis alcalina para la producción de hidrógeno},
+	issn = {2683-8818},
+	url = {https://rtyc.utn.edu.ar/index.php/ajea/article/view/1042},
+	doi = {10.33414/ajea.1042.2022},
+	abstract = {Hydrogen plays a crucial role in the sustainable transformation of the energy systems. Water electrolysis using electricity generated from renewable energy sources is among the most environmentally friendly hydrogen production processes. In this paper, model-based simultaneous optimization of the geometric dimensions and operating conditions of an alkaline water electrolyzer is addressed. To this end, a nonlinear mathematical programming (NLP) optimization model, based on first principles, is developed. Gradient-based deterministic optimization is performed. The model is firstly validated using two reference cases reported in the literature. Then, the values of operating conditions and geometric dimensions that maximize cell efficiency are simultaneously optimized. Regarding computational aspects, the model is implemented in General Algebraic Modeling System (GAMS) software and solved using CONOPT solver.},
+	language = {es},
+	number = {15},
+	urldate = {2026-01-29},
+	journal = {AJEA},
+	author = {Arpajou, María Candelaria and Mussati, Miguel and Oliva, Diego},
+	month = oct,
+	year = {2022},
+	file = {PDF:C\:\\Users\\ponce\\Zotero\\storage\\AGS68NTJ\\Arpajou et al. - 2022 - Optimización basada en modelos de sistemas de electrólisis alcalina para la producción de hidrógeno.pdf:application/pdf},
+}
+
+@phdthesis{ref4,
+	address = {San Salvador},
+	title = {{PRODUCCIÓN} {DE} {HIDRÓGENO} {POR} {ELECTRÓLISIS} {DE} {AGUA} {UTILIZANDO} {ENERGÍA} {SOLAR} {Y} {EVALUACIÓN} {DE} {SU} {USO} {COMO} {COMBUSTIBLE} {FUENTE} {DE} {ENERGÍA} {TÉRMICA}},
+	language = {es},
+	school = {Universidad del Salvador},
+	author = {Padilla, Chicas and Abner, Julio and Cruz, Guzmán and Manuel, William},
+	month = mar,
+	year = {2021},
+	file = {PDF:C\:\\Users\\ponce\\Zotero\\storage\\RR4UR64K\\Padilla et al. - PRODUCCIÓN DE HIDRÓGENO POR ELECTRÓLISIS DE AGUA UTILIZANDO ENERGÍA SOLAR Y EVALUACIÓN DE SU USO COM.pdf:application/pdf},
+}
+
+@phdthesis{ref5,
+	address = {Villavicencio},
+	title = {{EVALUACIÓN} {DE} {LA} {EFICIENCIA} {DE} {PRODUCCIÓN} {DE} {HIDRÓGENO} {VERDE} {MEDIANTE} {ELECTRÓLISIS} {DEL} {AGUA} {CON} {ELECTRODOS} {DE} {BAJO} {COSTO}},
+	language = {es},
+	school = {Universitat Santo Tomas},
+	author = {Vásquez, Ariadna Martínez},
+	year = {2024},
+	file = {PDF:C\:\\Users\\ponce\\Zotero\\storage\\SE4AQ2IH\\Vásquez - 2024 - EVALUACIÓN DE LA EFICIENCIA DE PRODUCCIÓN DE HIDRÓGENO VERDE MEDIANTE ELECTRÓLISIS DEL AGUA CON ELEC.pdf:application/pdf},
+}
+
+@misc{noauthor_notitle_nodate,
+}
+
+@phdthesis{ref2,
+	address = {Mineral de la Reforma, Hidalgo},
+	title = {Evaluación de una aleación de {Ni}-{Fe}-{Cr}-{Mo} como electrolizador para la producción de hidrógeno mediante electrólisis del agua},
+	language = {Español},
+	school = {Universidad Autonoma del Estado de Hidalgo},
+	author = {Hernández, Gamaliel},
+	month = jan,
+	year = {2024},
+	file = {PDF:C\:\\Users\\ponce\\Zotero\\storage\\N7KJCLHZ\\Hernández - 2024 - Evaluación de una aleación de Ni-Fe-Cr-Mo como electrolizador para la producción de hidrógeno median.pdf:application/pdf},
+}
+
+@inproceedings{ref6,
+	address = {Mumbai, India},
+	title = {Experimental {Investigation} using an {On}-{Board} {Dry} {Cell} {Electrolyzer} in a {CI} {Engine} working on {Dual} {Fuel} {Mode}},
+	volume = {90},
+	doi = {10.1016/j.egypro.2016.11.187},
+	publisher = {Energy Procedia},
+	author = {P.V, Manu and Anoop, Sunil and S., Jayaraj},
+	month = dec,
+	year = {2015},
+	pages = {8},
+	file = {PDF:C\:\\Users\\ponce\\Zotero\\storage\\A7BP6MU6\\P.V et al. - 2015 - Experimental Investigation using an On-Board Dry Cell Electrolyzer in a CI Engine working on Dual Fu.pdf:application/pdf},
+}
+
+@article{ref7,
+	title = {Impact of expected cost reduction and lifetime extension of electrolysis stacks on hydrogen production costs},
+	doi = {10.1016/j.ijhydene.2024.08.015},
+	publisher = {International Journal of Hydrogen Energy},
+	author = {Roeder, Timo and Rosenstiel, Andreas and Monnerie, Nathalie and Sattler, Christian},
+	month = aug,
+	year = {2024},
+	pages = {10},
+	file = {PDF:C\:\\Users\\ponce\\Zotero\\storage\\TWTQGR8B\\Roeder et al. - 2024 - Impact of expected cost reduction and lifetime extension of electrolysis stacks on hydrogen producti.pdf:application/pdf},
+}
+
+@article{ref9,
+	address = {Santander, España.},
+	title = {Steam electrolysis for green hydrogen generation. {State} of the art and research perspective.},
+	volume = {202},
+	doi = {10.1016/j.rser.2024.114725},
+	number = {1364-0321},
+	journal = {Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews},
+	publisher = {Elsevier Ltd.},
+	author = {Norman, E.A. and Maestre, V.M. and Ortiz, A. and Ortiz, I.},
+	month = jul,
+	year = {2024},
+	file = {PDF:C\:\\Users\\ponce\\Zotero\\storage\\N5BFJM2E\\Norman et al. - 2024 - Steam electrolysis for green hydrogen generation. State of the art and research perspective..pdf:application/pdf},
+}
+
+@article{ref11,
+	address = {India},
+	title = {Current-{Voltage} (i-{V}) characteristics of electrolyte-supported ({NiO}-{YSZ}/{NiO}-{SDC}/{ScSZ}/{LSCF}-{GDC}/{LSCF}) solid oxide electrolysis cell during {CO2}/{H2O} co-electrolysis},
+	volume = {9},
+	doi = {10.1016/j.chphi.2024.100670},
+	number = {100670},
+	journal = {Chemical Physics Impact},
+	publisher = {Elsevier B.V.},
+	author = {Shirasangi, Rahulkumar and Lakhanlal and Prasad Dasari, Hari and Saidutta, M.B.},
+	month = jun,
+	year = {2024},
+	file = {PDF:C\:\\Users\\ponce\\Zotero\\storage\\T2HVAG75\\Shirasangi et al. - 2024 - Current-Voltage (i-V) characteristics of electrolyte-supported (NiO-YSZNiO-SDCScSZLSCF-GDCLSCF).pdf:application/pdf},
+}
+
+@article{ref12,
+	address = {Norway},
+	title = {A novel hybrid analysis and modeling approach applied to aluminum electrolysis process},
+	volume = {105},
+	doi = {10.1016/j.jprocont.2021.06.005},
+	number = {62-77},
+	journal = {Journal of Process Control},
+	publisher = {Elsevier Ltd.},
+	author = {Berg Lundby, Erlend Torje and Rasheed, Adil and Gravdahl, Jan Tommy and Halvorsen, Ivar Johan},
+	month = jun,
+	year = {2021},
+	file = {PDF:C\:\\Users\\ponce\\Zotero\\storage\\XLMYIRWQ\\Berg Lundby et al. - 2021 - A novel hybrid analysis and modeling approach applied to aluminum electrolysis process.pdf:application/pdf},
+}
+
+@article{ref13,
+	address = {Saudi, Arabia},
+	title = {Hydrogen {Production} by {Water} {Electrolysis}: {A} {Review} of {Alkaline} {Water} {Electrolysis}, {PEM} {Water} {Electrolysis} and {High} {Temperature} {Water} {Electrolysis}},
+	volume = {4},
+	issn = {2249-8958},
+	abstract = {Water electrolysis is a quite old technology started around two centuries back, but promising technology for hydrogen production. This work reviewed the development, crisis and significance, past, present and future of the different water electrolysis techniques. In this work thermodynamics, energy requirement and efficiencies of electrolysis processes are reviewed. Alkaline water electrolysis, polymer electrolysis membrane (PEM) and High temperature electrolysis are reviewed and compared. Low share of water electrolysis for hydrogen production is due to cost ineffective, high maintenance, low durability and stability and low efficiency compare to other available technologies. Current technology and knowledge of water electrolysis are studied and reviewed for where the modifications and development required for hydrogen production. This review paper analyzes the energy requirement, practical cell voltage, efficiency of process, temperature and pressure effects on potential kinetics of hydrogen production and effect of electrode materials on the conventional water electrolysis for Alkaline electrolysis, PEM electrolysis and High Temperature Electrolysis .},
+	language = {en},
+	number = {3},
+	journal = {International Journal of Engineering and Advanced Technology (IJEAT)},
+	publisher = {Blue Eyes Intelligence Engineering \& Sciences Publication},
+	author = {Rashid, Mamoon and Mesfer, Mohammed K Al and Naseem, Hamid and Danish, Mohd},
+	month = feb,
+	year = {2015},
+	file = {PDF:C\:\\Users\\ponce\\Zotero\\storage\\56W4CYS8\\Rashid et al. - 2015 - Hydrogen Production by Water Electrolysis A Review of Alkaline Water Electrolysis, PEM Water Electr.pdf:application/pdf},
+}
+
+@book{ref14,
+	address = {Madrid},
+	edition = {2},
+	title = {Hidrógeno {Vector} energético de una economía descarbonizada},
+	isbn = {978-84-09-22546-0},
+	url = {www.fundacionnaturgy.org},
+	publisher = {Fundación Naturgy},
+	author = {Morante, Juan Ramón. and Andreu, Teresa and García, Gotzon and Guilera, Jordi and Taracón, Albert and Torrel, Marc},
+	file = {PDF:C\:\\Users\\ponce\\Zotero\\storage\\XMLRWSQD\\Morante et al. - Hidrógeno Vector energético de una economía descarbonizada.pdf:application/pdf},
+}
+
+@phdthesis{ref15,
+	address = {Valencia (Spain)},
+	title = {Electrolizadores de alta temperatura basados en cerámicas protónicas.},
+	url = {https://riunet.upv.es/handle/10251/147114},
+	doi = {10.4995/Thesis/10251/147114},
+	language = {es},
+	urldate = {2026-01-29},
+	school = {Universitat Politècnica de València},
+	author = {Bausá Martínez, Nuria},
+	month = may,
+	year = {2020},
+	file = {PDF:C\:\\Users\\ponce\\Zotero\\storage\\5IZNJNGT\\Bausá Martínez - 2020 - Electrolizadores de alta temperatura basados en cerámicas protónicas..pdf:application/pdf},
+}
+
+@article{ref20,
+	address = {Netherlands},
+	title = {Impact of power supply fluctuation and part load operation on the efficiency of alkaline water electrolysis},
+	volume = {560},
+	issn = {03787753},
+	url = {https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0378775323000046},
+	doi = {10.1016/j.jpowsour.2023.232629},
+	abstract = {Contrary to traditional electrolysers which operate continuously at their nominal load, future alkaline electrolysers need to be able to operate over a wide load range due to the variability of renewable electricity supply. We have investigated how the residual ripples from thyristor-based power supplies are influenced by the operating load of the system, and how these ripples affect the efficiency of alkaline electrolysers. For this, a simulation tool was developed which combines a six-pulse bridge thyristor rectifier model with closed-loop current control and semi-empirical electrolysis models. The electrolysis models can simulate the potential response to both direct and high amplitude alternating currents for lab-scale and industrial electrolysers. The electrolysis model of the labscale electrolyser was validated with experiments with a square wave current input. The models show that without filters the ripples result in a total system efficiency loss of 1.2–2.5\% at full load and of 5.6–10.6\% at a part load of 20\% depending on the type of electrolyser. The implementation of an optimized L-filter suppresses residual ripples and reduces the efficiency losses to 0.5\%–0.8\% at full load and to 0.8–1.2\% at the minimum load.},
+	language = {en},
+	urldate = {2026-01-29},
+	journal = {Journal of Power Sources},
+	publisher = {Elsevier B.V.},
+	author = {Amireh, Senan F. and Heineman, Niels N. and Vermeulen, Paul and Barros, Rodrigo Lira Garcia and Yang, Dongsheng and Van Der Schaaf, John and De Groot, Matheus T.},
+	month = mar,
+	year = {2023},
+	pages = {232629},
+	file = {PDF:C\:\\Users\\ponce\\Zotero\\storage\\GFTHNLNK\\Amireh et al. - 2023 - Impact of power supply fluctuation and part load operation on the efficiency of alkaline water elect.pdf:application/pdf},
+}
+
+@article{ref21,
+	address = {Netherlands},
+	title = {Alkaline water electrolysis: with or without iron in the electrolyte?},
+	volume = {42},
+	issn = {22113398},
+	shorttitle = {Alkaline water electrolysis},
+	url = {https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S2211339823000850},
+	doi = {10.1016/j.coche.2023.100981},
+	language = {en},
+	urldate = {2026-01-29},
+	journal = {Current Opinion in Chemical Engineering},
+	publisher = {Elsevier Ltd.},
+	author = {De Groot, Matheus T},
+	month = dec,
+	year = {2023},
+	pages = {100981},
+	file = {PDF:C\:\\Users\\ponce\\Zotero\\storage\\BSRHPPTA\\De Groot - 2023 - Alkaline water electrolysis with or without iron in the electrolyte.pdf:application/pdf},
+}
+
+@article{ref22,
+	title = {Effect of voltage elevation on cost and energy efficiency of power electronics in water electrolyzers},
+	volume = {574},
+	doi = {10.1016/j.powsour.2023.233108},
+	number = {233108},
+	journal = {Journal of Power Sources},
+	publisher = {Elsevier B.V.},
+	author = {Hysa, Galdi and Ruuskanen, Vesa and Kosonen, Antti and Niemela, Markku and Aarniovuori, Lassi},
+	month = may,
+	year = {2023},
+	file = {PDF:C\:\\Users\\ponce\\Zotero\\storage\\54NDGJ4N\\Hysa et al. - 2023 - Effect of voltage elevation on cost and energy efficiency of power electronics in water electrolyzer.pdf:application/pdf},
+}
+
+@article{ref24,
+	title = {Hydrogen production via electrolysis: {Operando} monitoring and analyses},
+	volume = {3},
+	issn = {26671093},
+	shorttitle = {Hydrogen production via electrolysis},
+	url = {https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S2667109323001161},
+	doi = {10.1016/j.checat.2023.100601},
+	abstract = {For deep decarbonization, pressure is on to develop better green hydrogen energy sources with higher efficiency, extended durability, and lower cost. Electrolysis is very promising for green hydrogen production, yet several challenges need to be overcome. Operando techniques can offer in situ monitoring and real-time observation of water electrolysis, including reaction mechanisms, structural changes, ionic conductivity, transport properties, and degradation mechanisms. We first discuss the current progress in operando analysis of electrolysis for hydrogen production and provide an overview of recent advances in radiography and tomography techniques: infrared, Raman, X-ray absorption, photoelectron, and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy methods. Next, operational principles; temporal, spatial, and spectral ranges; and limitations in operando monitoring and analyses are presented. Furthermore, reactions and mechanisms that occur in these systems, and resultant system durability, are reviewed. Finally, we recommend future directions in operando characterization for enhancing live monitoring of reactions, transport phenomena, and degradation mechanisms in hydrogen production.},
+	language = {en},
+	number = {5},
+	urldate = {2026-01-29},
+	journal = {Chem Catalysis},
+	publisher = {CellPress},
+	author = {Kaplan, Begüm Yarar and Kırlıoğlu, Ahmet Can and Alinezhadfar, Mohammad and Zabara, Mohammed Ahmed and Mojarrad, Naeimeh Rajabalizadeh and Iskandarani, Bilal and Yürüm, Alp and Ozkan, Cengiz Sinan and Ozkan, Mihrimah and Gürsel, Selmiye Alkan},
+	month = may,
+	year = {2023},
+	pages = {100601},
+	file = {PDF:C\:\\Users\\ponce\\Zotero\\storage\\P5PED3I9\\Kaplan et al. - 2023 - Hydrogen production via electrolysis Operando monitoring and analyses.pdf:application/pdf},
+}
+
+@article{ref25,
+	title = {Understanding the reaction mechanism of {Kolbe} electrolysis on {Pt} anodes},
+	volume = {2},
+	issn = {26671093},
+	url = {https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S2667109322001099},
+	doi = {10.1016/j.checat.2022.02.014},
+	abstract = {Kolbe electrolysis has been proposed as an efficient electro-oxidation process to synthesize (un)symmetrical dimers from biomassbased carboxylic acids, but its mechanism remains controversial. In this work, we develop a microkinetic model based on density functional theory to study the reaction mechanism of Kolbe electrolysis of acetic acid (CH3COOH) on both pristine and partially oxidized Pt anodes. We show that the shift in the rate-determining step of the oxygen evolution reaction (OER) on a Pt(111)@a-PtO2 surface from OH* formation to H2O adsorption gives rise to large Tafel slopes, i.e., the inflection zones observed experimentally at high anodic potentials on Pt. Our simulations find that the CH3COO* decarboxylation and CH3* dimerization steps determine the activity of the Kolbe reaction. This work resolves major controversies in the mechanism of Kolbe electrolysis on Pt anodes: the origin of the inflection zone and the identity of the rate-limiting step.},
+	language = {en},
+	number = {5},
+	urldate = {2026-01-29},
+	journal = {Chem Catalysis},
+	publisher = {CellPress},
+	author = {Liu, Sihang and Govindarajan, Nitish and Prats, Hector and Chan, Karen},
+	month = may,
+	year = {2022},
+	pages = {1100--1113},
+	file = {PDF:C\:\\Users\\ponce\\Zotero\\storage\\YM72PY3W\\Liu et al. - 2022 - Understanding the reaction mechanism of Kolbe electrolysis on Pt anodes.pdf:application/pdf},
+}
+
+@article{ref29,
+	title = {Impact of power supply fluctuation and part load operation on the efficiency of alkaline water electrolysis},
+	volume = {560},
+	issn = {03787753},
+	url = {https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0378775323000046},
+	doi = {10.1016/j.jpowsour.2023.232629},
+	abstract = {Contrary to traditional electrolysers which operate continuously at their nominal load, future alkaline electrolysers need to be able to operate over a wide load range due to the variability of renewable electricity supply. We have investigated how the residual ripples from thyristor-based power supplies are influenced by the operating load of the system, and how these ripples affect the efficiency of alkaline electrolysers. For this, a simulation tool was developed which combines a six-pulse bridge thyristor rectifier model with closed-loop current control and semi-empirical electrolysis models. The electrolysis models can simulate the potential response to both direct and high amplitude alternating currents for lab-scale and industrial electrolysers. The electrolysis model of the labscale electrolyser was validated with experiments with a square wave current input. The models show that without filters the ripples result in a total system efficiency loss of 1.2–2.5\% at full load and of 5.6–10.6\% at a part load of 20\% depending on the type of electrolyser. The implementation of an optimized L-filter suppresses residual ripples and reduces the efficiency losses to 0.5\%–0.8\% at full load and to 0.8–1.2\% at the minimum load.},
+	language = {en},
+	urldate = {2026-01-29},
+	journal = {Journal of Power Sources},
+	author = {Amireh, Senan F. and Heineman, Niels N. and Vermeulen, Paul and Barros, Rodrigo Lira Garcia and Yang, Dongsheng and Van Der Schaaf, John and De Groot, Matheus T.},
+	month = mar,
+	year = {2023},
+	pages = {232629},
+	file = {PDF:C\:\\Users\\ponce\\Zotero\\storage\\TUMYCRF9\\Amireh et al. - 2023 - Impact of power supply fluctuation and part load operation on the efficiency of alkaline water elect.pdf:application/pdf},
+}
+
+@article{ref31,
+	title = {An {Investigation} into the {Electrical} {Impedance} of {Water} {Electrolysis} {Cells} - {With} a {View} to {Saving} {Energy}},
+	volume = {7},
+	issn = {14523981},
+	url = {https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S1452398123139691},
+	doi = {10.1016/S1452-3981(23)13969-1},
+	language = {en},
+	number = {4},
+	urldate = {2026-01-29},
+	journal = {International Journal of Electrochemical Science},
+	author = {Mazloomi, Kaveh and Sulaiman, Nasri B. and Moayedi, Hossein},
+	month = apr,
+	year = {2012},
+	pages = {3466--3481},
+	file = {PDF:C\:\\Users\\ponce\\Zotero\\storage\\LKC3KDCX\\Mazloomi et al. - 2012 - An Investigation into the Electrical Impedance of Water Electrolysis Cells - With a View to Saving E.pdf:application/pdf},
+}
+
+@article{ref32,
+	title = {An analytic equation for single cell electrochemical impedance spectroscopy with a dependence on cell position},
+	volume = {13},
+	issn = {2158-3226},
+	url = {https://pubs.aip.org/adv/article/13/9/095315/2911502/An-analytic-equation-for-single-cell},
+	doi = {10.1063/5.0166409},
+	abstract = {An analytic equation for electrochemical impedance of a single-cell measured with a microelectrode is presented. A previously reported equation had a practical problem that it is valid only when the microelectrode resides at the center of the cell under test. In this work, we propose a new analytic equation incorporating dependence on the cell position and confirmed its effectiveness by numerical simulation. Comparisons show that our proposed equation gives excellent agreement with the simulated impedance values. Discrepancies between the results from our equation and numerical simulation are suppressed within 13\%, which is a dramatic reduction from the previously reported discrepancy of 58\%. The proposed analytic equation is expected to enable more accurate analysis in actual cell experiments.},
+	language = {en},
+	number = {9},
+	urldate = {2026-01-29},
+	journal = {AIP Advances},
+	author = {Sugahara, Yusuke and Uno, Shigeyasu},
+	month = sep,
+	year = {2023},
+	pages = {095315},
+	file = {PDF:C\:\\Users\\ponce\\Zotero\\storage\\5DWWFV3X\\Sugahara and Uno - 2023 - An analytic equation for single cell electrochemical impedance spectroscopy with a dependence on cel.pdf:application/pdf},
+}
+
+@article{ref33,
+	title = {Equivalent {Circuit} and {Continuum} {Modeling} of the {Impedance} of {Electrolyte}-{Filled} {Pores}},
+	volume = {2},
+	issn = {2768-5608},
+	url = {https://link.aps.org/doi/10.1103/PRXEnergy.2.043006},
+	doi = {10.1103/PRXEnergy.2.043006},
+	language = {en},
+	number = {4},
+	urldate = {2026-01-29},
+	journal = {PRX Energy},
+	author = {Pedersen, Christian and Aslyamov, Timur and Janssen, Mathijs},
+	month = oct,
+	year = {2023},
+	pages = {043006},
+	file = {PDF:C\:\\Users\\ponce\\Zotero\\storage\\D9IJA92Q\\Pedersen et al. - 2023 - Equivalent Circuit and Continuum Modeling of the Impedance of Electrolyte-Filled Pores.pdf:application/pdf},
+}
+
+@article{ref34,
+	title = {An analytical formula for determining the electrical impedance between a single adherent cell and sensor substrate},
+	volume = {61},
+	issn = {0021-4922, 1347-4065},
+	url = {https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.35848/1347-4065/ac9877},
+	doi = {10.35848/1347-4065/ac9877},
+	abstract = {Abstract
+            An analytical formula for the electrical impedance between an adherent living cell and a sensor substrate measured using a microelectrode is presented for the first time. Previously-reported formula has been applicable only for the case where many cells are on a large electrode. In contrast, our formula is valid even when a microelectrode smaller than the cell-size is underneath the cell, which is often the case for the state-of-the-art single-cell analysis. Numerical simulations for verifying the accuracy of our formula reveals that the discrepancies between the theoretical impedances calculated by our formula and numerical simulation results are negligibly small. Our formula will be useful for describing cell-substrate impedance properties in equivalent circuit model analysis or sensor design optimizations.},
+	language = {en},
+	number = {11},
+	urldate = {2026-01-29},
+	journal = {Japanese Journal of Applied Physics},
+	author = {Shiozawa, Masataka and Uno, Shigeyasu},
+	month = nov,
+	year = {2022},
+	pages = {117001},
+	file = {PDF:C\:\\Users\\ponce\\Zotero\\storage\\CY3I5E8M\\Shiozawa and Uno - 2022 - An analytical formula for determining the electrical impedance between a single adherent cell and se.pdf:application/pdf},
+}
+
+@article{ref35,
+	title = {Experimental study of alkaline water electrolyzer performance and frequency behavior under high frequency dynamic operation},
+	volume = {67},
+	issn = {03603199},
+	url = {https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0360319924013545},
+	doi = {10.1016/j.ijhydene.2024.04.093},
+	abstract = {Industrial water electrolyzers mainly use old thyristor-based rectifiers to obtain the DC current required to run because of the low voltage level and high current requirements of the processes. These rectifiers cause significant ripple in the electrolyzer input current, leading to dynamic operation of the electrolyzer. Even though industrial-scale water electrolyzers are operated under such dynamic conditions, the effect on the electrolyzer performance is not well explored. In this study, current measurements from an industrial alkaline electrolyzer plant were used to define the common current ripple amplitude and frequency caused by the thyristor-based rectification. Based on the parameters obtained, laboratory measurements were conducted using an alkaline water electrolyzer to define the power losses incurred at various ripple amplitudes and frequencies. Additionally, the linearization of the electrolyzer current–voltage behavior as a function of frequency was studied using two electrode sets made of different materials. The laboratory measurements carried out in the study show that the ripple amplitude has a significant effect on increasing the losses, whereas the ripple frequency counteracts this. Thus, dynamic operation can have a large impact on losses, especially at partial loads, where the ripple current amplitudes increase significantly when using thyristor rectifiers. Lastly, the frequencies where the electrolyzer starts to behave linearly were observed to be at 68 Hz with the first electrode set and at 5 Hz with the second one. The considerable difference between the electrode sets indicates that the electrode materials and microstructure play a significant role in defining the electrolyzer frequency behavior. Because common thyristor-based power delivery systems operate at 300 Hz or 600 Hz, the results also imply that when modeling these systems, a linear model can be used for the electrolyzer to simplify the simulation.},
+	language = {en},
+	urldate = {2026-01-29},
+	journal = {International Journal of Hydrogen Energy},
+	author = {Järvinen, Lauri and Puranen, Pietari and Ruuskanen, Vesa and Kosonen, Antti and Kauranen, Pertti and Ahola, Jero and Chatzichristodoulou, Christodoulos},
+	month = may,
+	year = {2024},
+	pages = {50--61},
+	file = {PDF:C\:\\Users\\ponce\\Zotero\\storage\\F8EGRG5H\\Järvinen et al. - 2024 - Experimental study of alkaline water electrolyzer performance and frequency behavior under high freq.pdf:application/pdf},
+}
+
+@book{ref36,
+	address = {New York},
+	edition = {2nd ed},
+	title = {Electrochemical methods: fundamentals and applications},
+	isbn = {978-0-471-04372-0},
+	shorttitle = {Electrochemical methods},
+	language = {en},
+	publisher = {Wiley},
+	author = {Bard, Allen J. and Faulkner, Larry R.},
+	year = {2001},
+	keywords = {Electrochemistry},
+	file = {36_Electrochemical Methods - Fundamentals and Applns 2nd ed  - A. Bard, L. Faulkner (Wiley, 2001) WW:C\:\\Users\\ponce\\Zotero\\storage\\H6W2ZQ99\\Bard and Faulkner - 2001 - Electrochemical methods fundamentals and applications.pdf:application/pdf},
+}
+
+@book{ref37,
+	address = {New York},
+	edition = {8},
+	title = {Physical {Chemistry}},
+	isbn = {0-7167-8759-8},
+	language = {English},
+	publisher = {W.H. Freeman},
+	author = {Atkins, Peter and De Paula, Julio},
+	file = {PDF:C\:\\Users\\ponce\\Zotero\\storage\\BMIM6GLC\\Atkins and De Paula - Physical Chemistry.pdf:application/pdf},
+}
+
+@article{ref38,
+	title = {Hydrogen production by water electrolysis technologies: {A} review},
+	volume = {20},
+	issn = {25901230},
+	shorttitle = {Hydrogen production by water electrolysis technologies},
+	url = {https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S2590123023005534},
+	doi = {10.1016/j.rineng.2023.101426},
+	abstract = {Hydrogen as an energy source has been identified as an optimal pathway for mitigating climate change by combining renewable electricity with water electrolysis systems. Proton exchange membrane (PEM) technology has received a substantial amount of attention because of its ability to efficiently produce high-purity hydrogen while minimising challenges associated with handling and maintenance. Another hydrogen generation technology, alkaline water electrolysis (AWE), has been widely used in commercial hydrogen production applications. Anion exchange membrane (AEM) technology can produce hydrogen at relatively low costs because the noble metal catalysts used in PEM and AWE systems are replaced with conventional low-cost electrocatalysts. Solid oxide electrolyzer cell (SOEC) technology is another electrolysis technology for producing hydrogen at relatively high conversion efficiencies, low cost, and with low associated emissions. However, the operating temperatures of SOECs are high which necessitates long startup times. This review addresses the current state of technologies capable of using impure water in water electrolysis systems. Commercially available water electrolysis systems were extensively discussed and compared. The technical barriers of hydrogen production by PEM and AEM were also investigated. Furthermore, commercial PEM stack electrolyzer performance was evaluated using artificial river water (soft water). An integrated system approach was recommended for meeting the power and pure water demands using reversible seawater by combining renewable electricity, water electrolysis, and fuel cells. AEM performance was considered to be low, requiring further developments to enhance the membrane’s lifetime.},
+	language = {en},
+	urldate = {2026-01-29},
+	journal = {Results in Engineering},
+	author = {El-Shafie, Mostafa},
+	month = dec,
+	year = {2023},
+	pages = {101426},
+	file = {PDF:C\:\\Users\\ponce\\Zotero\\storage\\A6SLUH5R\\El-Shafie - 2023 - Hydrogen production by water electrolysis technologies A review.pdf:application/pdf},
+}
+
+@article{ref39,
+	address = {Netherlands},
+	title = {Advanced characterization of alkaline water electrolysis through electrochemical impedance spectroscopy and polarization curves},
+	volume = {974},
+	doi = {10.1016/j.jelechem.2024.118709},
+	number = {118709},
+	journal = {Journal of Electroanalytical Chemistry},
+	publisher = {Elsevier B.V.},
+	author = {De Groot, Matheus T. and Vermeulen, Paul},
+	month = oct,
+	year = {2024},
+	pages = {10},
+	file = {PDF:C\:\\Users\\ponce\\Zotero\\storage\\RV6JKJHW\\De Groot and Vermeulen - 2024 - Advanced characterization of alkaline water electrolysis through electrochemical impedance spectrosc.pdf:application/pdf},
+}
+
+@phdthesis{ref42,
+	address = {Sevilla},
+	title = {Modelo dinámico de un electrolizador alcalino},
+	language = {Español},
+	school = {Universidad de Sevilla},
+	author = {López Ramírez, Juan Rafael},
+	year = {2011},
+	file = {PDF:C\:\\Users\\ponce\\Zotero\\storage\\EFFY5H3Z\\López Ramírez - 2011 - Modelo dinámico de un electrolizador alcalino.pdf:application/pdf},
+}
+
+@article{ref43,
+	title = {El {Hidrógeno} como almcacen energético. {Aplicación} de la pila de combustible reversible polimérica.},
+	volume = {14},
+	language = {es},
+	journal = {Anales de la Real Academia de Doctores de España},
+	author = {Guerra, D Carlos Fúnez and Clemente, M. del Carmen and {Funez Guerra, Carlos}},
+	year = {2010},
+	pages = {71--91},
+	file = {PDF:C\:\\Users\\ponce\\Zotero\\storage\\Q7F4U3UA\\Guerra et al. - 2010 - El Hidrógeno como almcacen energético. Aplicación de la pila de combustible reversible polimérica..pdf:application/pdf},
+}
+
+@article{ref46,
+	title = {Advanced characterization of alkaline water electrolysis through electrochemical impedance spectroscopy and polarization curves},
+	volume = {974},
+	issn = {15726657},
+	url = {https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S1572665724006878},
+	doi = {10.1016/j.jelechem.2024.118709},
+	abstract = {Improved electrolyzer components are needed to make alkaline water electrolyzers more flexible and durable. The performance of these new components can be assessed through in situ electrochemical characterization in the form of polarization curves and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS). Presently, EIS is still mostly used for the IR-correction of the polarization curve, but more valuable information can be extracted. In this work we show how EIS data can be used to determine the dependence of ohmic resistance on current density, to derive anodic and cathodic Tafel slopes and exchange current densities from fitted charge transfer resistances, and to derive anodic and cathodic capacitances from fitted constant phase elements. We do this for both a two electrode alkaline electrolysis flow cell setup as well as for a three electrode beaker type setup with two-dimensional nickel electrodes. The presented tools can be used in performance studies of new and existing electrodes and membranes in alkaline water electrolysis.},
+	language = {en},
+	urldate = {2026-01-29},
+	journal = {Journal of Electroanalytical Chemistry},
+	author = {De Groot, Matheus T. and Vermeulen, Paul},
+	month = dec,
+	year = {2024},
+	pages = {118709},
+	file = {PDF:C\:\\Users\\ponce\\Zotero\\storage\\CZDM7YQ8\\De Groot and Vermeulen - 2024 - Advanced characterization of alkaline water electrolysis through electrochemical impedance spectrosc.pdf:application/pdf},
+}
+
+@article{ref47,
+	title = {Elucidating the increased ohmic resistances in zero-gap alkaline water electrolysis},
+	volume = {507},
+	issn = {00134686},
+	url = {https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0013468624013987},
+	doi = {10.1016/j.electacta.2024.145161},
+	abstract = {This study investigates the increased ohmic resistances observed in zero-gap alkaline water electrolyzers, aiming to provide insights that can help enhance electrolyzer efficiency and enable operation at higher current densities. Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) has been employed in combination with chronopotentiometry, utilizing a custom-designed flow cell with nickel perforated electrodes and a Zirfon UTP 500 diaphragm. Observed differences in area-ohmic resistance values obtained through I-V fitting and EIS, are ascribed to a nonlinear Tafel slope at higher current densities. Ohmic resistance values measured with EIS are up to 27\% higher than the ex-situ determined value, a significantly smaller percentage than expected based on previous studies. The presence of bubbles outside and inside the diaphragm is identified as the key factor contributing to this increased resistance. We recommend the use of an improved fitting approach, accounting for non-linear Tafel behavior, and the use of a 4-terminal configuration when performing EIS measurements to minimize cable and contact resistance.},
+	language = {en},
+	urldate = {2026-01-29},
+	journal = {Electrochimica Acta},
+	author = {Lira Garcia Barros, Rodrigo and Kelleners, Mathy H.G. and Van Bemmel, Lucas and Van Der Leegte, Thijmen V.N. and Van Der Schaaf, John and De Groot, Matheus T.},
+	month = dec,
+	year = {2024},
+	pages = {145161},
+	file = {PDF:C\:\\Users\\ponce\\Zotero\\storage\\IA7XZ24I\\Lira Garcia Barros et al. - 2024 - Elucidating the increased ohmic resistances in zero-gap alkaline water electrolysis.pdf:application/pdf},
+}
+
+@article{ref49,
+	title = {Performance data extraction from dynamic long-term operation of proton exchange membrane and alkaline water electrolysis cells},
+	volume = {127},
+	issn = {03603199},
+	url = {https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0360319925015393},
+	doi = {10.1016/j.ijhydene.2025.03.387},
+	abstract = {The direct coupling of wind turbines to water electrolyzers promises scalable, green hydrogen production, but little is known about the impact of the fluctuating power provided by renewable energy sources on electrolyzer longevity. Therefore, we developed a realistic, semi-synthetic wind power profile to operate polymer electrolyte membrane (PEM) and alkaline water electrolysis (AWE) cells. We also established two analysis methods for the dynamically obtained I-V data. The methods enable the extraction of I-V curves, voltage degradation, and resistances. A major advantage of these methods is the highly accurate extraction of performance metrics without interrupting dynamic operation. Cell voltage degradation in both electrolysis technologies depends on both the current density and operation mode. While extracting an accurate ohmic cell resistance for AWE cells proved challenging, we found good agreement for PEMWE cells with the high-frequency resistance measured by impedance spectroscopy. With the proposed methods, the stability of all types of electrolysis systems can be studied during dynamic operation.},
+	language = {en},
+	urldate = {2026-01-29},
+	journal = {International Journal of Hydrogen Energy},
+	author = {Pape, Sharon-Virginia and Zerressen, Sarah and Seidler, Martin Florian and Keller, Roger and Lohmann-Richters, Felix and Müller, Martin and Apfel, Ulf-Peter and Mechler, Anna K. and Glüsen, Andreas},
+	month = may,
+	year = {2025},
+	pages = {51--63},
+	file = {PDF:C\:\\Users\\ponce\\Zotero\\storage\\F8PPURT9\\Pape et al. - 2025 - Performance data extraction from dynamic long-term operation of proton exchange membrane and alkalin.pdf:application/pdf},
+}
+
+@article{ref52,
+	title = {Flexible endothermic or exothermic operation for temperature-oriented alkaline water electrolysis},
+	volume = {5},
+	issn = {26663864},
+	url = {https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S266638642400136X},
+	doi = {10.1016/j.xcrp.2024.101900},
+	abstract = {Traditional 60 C–85 C alkaline water electrolysis (AWE) systems suffer from high specific energy consumption (4.4–5.3 kWh Nm 3), which is yielded by poor performance and consumes parasitic energy to remove excessive heat. This study presents construction of a 20 kW endo-/exothermic ET-AWE system, oriented by elevated temperature (ET), that achieves a performance of 1.768 V@0.612 A cm 2 for 5.314 Nm3 h 1 hydrogen production while accomplishing R12 h thermoneutral operation. By trading off between system thermal and electrical energy requirements, a universal criterion to determine thermoneutral points yielding an optimal efficiency of 82.56\%, and a decreased specific energy consumption of 4.293 kWh Nm 3 at 0.594 A cm 2 and 130 C is proposed. The capacity of ET-AWE systems to receive external heat from diversified thermal sources in endothermic mode is possible in this system. Flexible combined hydrogen and high-value heat supplies in exothermic mode allow for unique electric-hydrogen-heat coordination.},
+	language = {en},
+	number = {4},
+	urldate = {2026-01-29},
+	journal = {Cell Reports Physical Science},
+	author = {Zhang, Weizhe and Zhuo, Yuhang and Hao, Peixuan and Liu, Menghua and Liu, Houquan and Li, Shuang and Shi, Yixiang and Cai, Ningsheng},
+	month = apr,
+	year = {2024},
+	pages = {101900},
+	file = {PDF:C\:\\Users\\ponce\\Zotero\\storage\\HKIXQH33\\Zhang et al. - 2024 - Flexible endothermic or exothermic operation for temperature-oriented alkaline water electrolysis.pdf:application/pdf},
+}
+
+@article{ref57,
+	title = {Ohmic resistance in zero gap alkaline electrolysis with a {Zirfon} diaphragm},
+	volume = {369},
+	issn = {00134686},
+	url = {https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0013468620320776},
+	doi = {10.1016/j.electacta.2020.137684},
+	abstract = {Alkaline water electrolyzers are traditionally operated at low current densities, due to high internal ohmic resistance. Modern diaphragms with low internal resistance such as the Zirfon diaphragm combined with a zero gap configuration potentially open the way to operation at higher current densities. Data for the Zirfon diaphragm show that the resistance is only 0.1–0.15 cm2 in 30\% KOH at 80 °C, in line with estimations based on the porosity. Nevertheless, an analysis of data on zero gap alkaline electrolyzers with Zirfon reveals that the area resistances are significantly higher, ranging from 0.23 to 0.76 cm2. A numerical simulation of the secondary current distribution in the zero gap configuration shows that an uneven current distribution, imperfect zero gap and the presence of bubbles can probably only partly explain the increased resistance. Therefore, other factors such as the presence of nanobubbles could play a role.},
+	language = {en},
+	urldate = {2026-01-29},
+	journal = {Electrochimica Acta},
+	author = {De Groot, Matheus T. and Vreman, Albertus W.},
+	month = feb,
+	year = {2021},
+	pages = {137684},
+	file = {PDF:C\:\\Users\\ponce\\Zotero\\storage\\GRJMS7IE\\De Groot and Vreman - 2021 - Ohmic resistance in zero gap alkaline electrolysis with a Zirfon diaphragm.pdf:application/pdf},
+}
+
+@article{ref58,
+	title = {Contact resistance measurement methods for {PEM} fuel cell bipolar plates and power terminals},
+	volume = {555},
+	issn = {03787753},
+	url = {https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0378775322013180},
+	doi = {10.1016/j.jpowsour.2022.232341},
+	abstract = {The electrical contact resistance is a key parameter for optimising both the bipolar plate of the polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cell (PEMFC) and the electrical contact of the power terminal of the stack. The contact resistance is affected by the conductivity, roughness, and hardness of the two contacting surfaces. Here, new, application-specific contact resistance measurement methods are proposed for both the stack power terminal, and the bipolar plate. The proposed methods are compared to methods from references as well as standards, and it is concluded that the uncertainty of the measurements can be reduced by changing the measurement setup, and that the influence of probe resistance on measurement results can be eliminated. Furthermore, the effect of different accelerated durability tests on the contact resistance of the power terminal is examined both on test coupons and on a prototype screw connection with an electroless NiP and an electroplated NiSn coatings. As expected, the NiSn coupons gives lower contact resistance after ageing as compared to the NiP. However, the increase in contact resistance seen on coupons after ageing is not observed on the prototype screw connection.},
+	language = {en},
+	urldate = {2026-01-29},
+	journal = {Journal of Power Sources},
+	author = {Mølmen, Live and Fast, Lars and Lundblad, Anders and Eriksson, Peter and Leisner, Peter},
+	month = jan,
+	year = {2023},
+	pages = {232341},
+	file = {PDF:C\:\\Users\\ponce\\Zotero\\storage\\YNRV7XTT\\Mølmen et al. - 2023 - Contact resistance measurement methods for PEM fuel cell bipolar plates and power terminals.pdf:application/pdf},
+}
+
+@article{ref59,
+	title = {Voltage losses in zero-gap alkaline water electrolysis},
+	volume = {497},
+	issn = {03787753},
+	url = {https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S037877532100402X},
+	doi = {10.1016/j.jpowsour.2021.229864},
+	abstract = {Reducing the gap between the electrodes and diaphragm to zero is an often adopted strategy to reduce the ohmic drop in alkaline water electrolyzers for hydrogen production. We provide a thorough account of the current–voltage relationship in such a zero-gap configuration over a wide range of electrolyte concentrations and current densities. Included are voltage components that are not often experimentally quantified like those due to bubbles, hydroxide depletion, and dissolved hydrogen and oxygen. As is commonly found for zero-gap configurations, the ohmic resistance was substantially larger than that of the separator. We find that this is because the relatively flat electrode area facing the diaphragm was not active, likely due to separator pore blockage by gas, the electrode itself, and or solid deposits. Over an e-folding time-scale of ten seconds, an additional ohmic drop was found to arise, likely due to gas bubbles in the electrode holes. For electrolyte concentrations below 0.5 M, an overpotential was observed, associated with local depletion of hydroxide at the anode. Finally, a high supersaturation of hydrogen and oxygen was found to significantly increase the equilibrium potential at elevated current densities. Most of these voltage losses are shown to be easily avoidable by introducing a small 0.2 mm gap, greatly improving the performance compared to zero-gap.},
+	language = {en},
+	urldate = {2026-01-29},
+	journal = {Journal of Power Sources},
+	author = {Haverkort, J.W. and Rajaei, H.},
+	month = jun,
+	year = {2021},
+	pages = {229864},
+	file = {PDF:C\:\\Users\\ponce\\Zotero\\storage\\PXI67LLK\\Haverkort and Rajaei - 2021 - Voltage losses in zero-gap alkaline water electrolysis.pdf:application/pdf},
+}
+
+@article{ref60,
+	title = {Dynamic {Electrochemical} {Impedance} {Spectroscopy}: {A} {Forward} {Application} {Approach} for {Lithium}‐{Ion} {Battery} {Status} {Assessment}},
+	volume = {7},
+	issn = {2567-3173, 2567-3173},
+	shorttitle = {Dynamic {Electrochemical} {Impedance} {Spectroscopy}},
+	url = {https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/eom2.70018},
+	doi = {10.1002/eom2.70018},
+	abstract = {Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS), as a non-invasive and non-destructive diagnostic technique, has shown unique advantages and significant potential in lithium-ion battery state monitoring. However, its traditional steady-state methods face substantial limitations under the non-stationary operating conditions commonly encountered in practical applications. To overcome these challenges, dynamic electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (DEIS) has emerged as a critical tool due to its realtime monitoring capabilities. This review provides a comprehensive overview of recent advances in DEIS for lithium-ion battery state monitoring, starting with an in-depth explanation of its working principles and a comparison with conventional EIS to highlight their respective advantages. Analytical methodologies for EIS are then introduced to establish a theoretical foundation for the discussion of subsequent findings. The review emphasizes recent breakthroughs achieved using DEIS, particularly in elucidating charge transfer dynamics during charge–discharge cycles, detecting lithium plating at the anode, and monitoring internal temperature variations within batteries. It further explores the potential of DEIS in battery health prediction, demonstrating its role in enhancing the accuracy and reliability of battery management systems. Finally, the review concludes with a forward-looking perspective on the future development of DEIS, underscoring its transformative potential in advancing battery diagnostics and management technologies.},
+	language = {en},
+	number = {7},
+	urldate = {2026-01-29},
+	journal = {EcoMat},
+	author = {Zhang, Xinyi and Lu, Yunpei and Shi, Jingfu and Liu, Yuezheng and Cheng, Hao and Lu, Yingying},
+	month = jul,
+	year = {2025},
+	pages = {e70018},
+	file = {PDF:C\:\\Users\\ponce\\Zotero\\storage\\FDADJ9TN\\Zhang et al. - 2025 - Dynamic Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy A Forward Application Approach for Lithium‐Ion Batte.pdf:application/pdf},
+}
+
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@@ -0,0 +1,179 @@
+---
+title: "Análisis de la variación de la resistencia eléctrica en celda de electrólisis alcalina mediante curvas de polarización I-V"
+author:
+  - Mario Guillermo Ponce-Hernández
+  - Gerardo Marx Chávez-Campos
+  - Javier Correa-Gómez
+  - Héctor Javier Vergara-Hernández
+  - Luis Ulises Chávez-Campos
+date: January 2026
+lang: es
+resumen: |
+  El presente trabajo estudia el comportamiento de la resistencia eléctrica de una celda de electrólisis alcalina a partir de las curvas de polarización I-V. La planta experimental está conformada por una celda con electrodos planos de acero inoxidable-304 y una solución de NaOH 1 M. La planta es alimentada mediante una fuente programable en CD y medida con multímetros de alta precisión. Se desarrolla una interfaz gráfica basada en Python para la adquisición de datos y control de los instrumentos, se emplea PyVisa como interfaz de comunicación con los instrumentos y se implementa el sensor PT1000 para la medición de la temperatura en el medio. La metodología consta de cuatro experimentos de prueba por ronda; durante todos los experimentos correspondientes a su respectiva ronda, se utiliza el mismo par de electrodos y el mismo electrolito, con el fin de observar las variaciones en el comportamiento de la resistencia eléctrica a lo largo de cada prueba. Se espera que, con los datos obtenidos, sea posible identificar, mediante la resistencia eléctrica la degradación de la celda y asociarla con las zonas donde se presentan las principales pérdidas.
+
+keywords:
+  - Electrólisis alcalina
+  - Resistencia eléctrica
+  - Curva de polarización
+  - Temperatura
+  - Corriente
+  - Voltaje
+figureTitle: "Figura"
+figPrefix:
+  - "Figura"
+  - "Figuras"
+
+tableTitle: "Tabla"
+tblPrefix:
+  - "Tabla"
+  - "Tablas"
+
+eqnPrefix:
+  - "Ecuación"
+  - "Ecuaciones"
+
+secPrefix:
+  - "Sección"
+  - "Secciones"
+---
+
+# Introducción 
+Las emisiones de gases de efecto invernadero provocadas por las actividades humanas son el principal factor que contribuye al acelerado cambio climático. Globalmente, cerca del $71\%$ de las emisiones de $CO_2$ provienen del sector energético, siendo la industria, la casa-habitación y el transporte sus principales consumidores [@ref24]. Ante este escenario, el hidrógeno surge como un vector energético prometedor debido a su alta densidad energética y a que su aprovechamiento no genera emisiones contaminantes. Sin embargo, el método de reformado con vapor (*steam reforming*), que actualmente domina su producción con una participación mayor al $50\%$, depende de hidrocarburos ligeros, principalmente metano, generando $CO_2$​ como subproducto y representando un grave impacto ambiental [@ref13]. Por ello, resulta necesario transitar hacia tecnologías limpias para la producción de hidrógeno; la electrólisis de agua alcalina (AWE, por sus siglas en inglés) impulsada por fuentes de energía renovable, como la solar, se presenta como una alternativa viable y prometedora.
+
+La electrólisis es un proceso electroquímico por el cual se puede realizar la separación de la molécula del agua ($H_2O$) en sus dos elementos básicos $H_2$ y $O$, creando asi una reacción de oxido-reducción [@ref24]. Este fenómeno ocurre en una celda electroquímica, donde se aplica una diferencia de potencial entre dos electrodos sumergidos en un electrolito, lo que promueve el transporte iónico y la transferencia de carga en las interfaces electrodo-electrolito, propiciando la descomposición de un compuesto en especies más simples [@ref36].
+
+La reacción global de la electrolisis del agua puede representarse como [@eqh2o]
+
+$$
+\mathrm{2H_2O \rightarrow 2H_2 + O_2}
+$$ {#eq:h2o}
+
+Solo el $4\%$ del hidrógeno total es producido por electrólisis del agua, esto debido a su baja eficiencia en el proceso de producción [19 de @ref13]. El bajo flujo de gas y el alto consumo energético son serios problemas en el uso de este método [16 @ref13]. El desarrollo por mejorar los sistemas de electrólisis de agua alcalina siguen enfocándose en crear nuevas fórmulas de material para la construcción de electrodos, membranas y el ensamble de la membrana con los electrodos[@ref39]. Estos componentes se utilizan en la construcción de  electrolizadores, los cuales están compuestos de una o mas celdas electroquímicas conectadas en configuración de serie o paralelo [@ref43], su comportamiento es evaluado por medio de curvas de polarización [@ref39;@ref59].
+
+Las curvas de Corriente-Voltaje ($I-V$) o curvas de polarización ayudan a evaluar de manera cuantitativa el comportamiento de la celda. Las curvas de polarización proveen información importante, tales como, las perdidas en la polarización de activación (perdidas por la reacción electrónica), en la polarización óhmica (perdidas en la conducción óhmica e iónica) y en las limitaciones de transferencia de masa o polarización de concentración (perdidas por transporte de masa) [@ref11;@ref60].
+
+La reducción de la resistencia óhmica es fundamental para operar a mayores densidades de corriente y mejorar el desempeño global del electrolizador [@ref59,@ref60]. Diversos estudios han reportado que esta resistencia puede incrementarse por múltiples factores, entre ellos la formación de nanoburbujas en las interfaces electrodo–electrolito, el uso de distintos materiales y acabados superficiales que modifican la resistencia de contacto, así como variaciones en el nivel de compresión del ensamble, que afectan directamente la resistencia interfacial [@ref12,@ref58,@ref57].
+
+En este contexto, el presente trabajo busca evaluar el comportamiento de la resistencia eléctrica de una celda electroquímica a partir de las curvas de polarización ($I-V$). Los valores de las variables eléctricas del sistema son obtenidos por medio de dispositivos de alta resolución, lo que permite registrar con confiabilidad la respuesta del electrolizador ante diferentes condiciones de excitación y evaluar su comportamiento en el dominio del tiempo, sin requerir procedimientos de caracterización especializados como los asociados a la EIS.
+
+La evolución de la resistencia a través de sus distintas etapas de operación puede indicar el estado en el que se encuentra la celda electroquímica. Además, la evaluación de las curvas puede dar indicios sobre dónde el sistema pierde eficiencia y la reacción comienza a comportarse de manera exotérmica, resultando en una disipación de energía en forma de calor. Esta evaluación permite desarrollar un análisis menos complejo sin comprometer la fiabilidad del estudio, así como sentar las bases para futuros métodos de control y optimización energética.
+
+# Metodología 
+
+Para poder llevar acabo las mediciones y obtener las curvas de polarización, se construyo un electrolizador de agua alcalino de laboratorio con electrodos de acero inoxidable (*AISI 304*) y electrolito acuoso de hidróxido de sodio (*$NaOH, 1M$*). Para la medición de las variables de **voltaje** y **corriente**, la celda se instrumento con una fuente de voltaje CD programable y dispositivos de alta resolución para la toma de muestras de manera simultanea. El control de dichos dispositivos se realizo por medio de protocolos de comunicación *VISA* (comandos SCPPI), de esta manera se automatiza la toma de muestras reduciendo asi el error por manipulación manual. 
+
+Con el objetivo de garantizar una reproducibilidad del experimento se desarrolla una plataforma gráfica basada en python para: (i) configurar los puntos de prueba del barrido, (ii) adquirir y almacenar las variables eléctricas de manera automática y sistemática, y (iii) generar las curvas de tensión–corriente del sistema. También se incorpora un sensor de temperatura *PT1000* con el objetivo de monitorear la temperatura a la cual se encuentra el electrolito durante la operación del electrolizador. 
+
+La forma en como se llevo acabo la experimentación consistió en una sola ronda de prueba de 4 corridas o experimentos. Cada uno de estos experimentos se realizo una caracterización donde no se reemplazaron los electrodos y no se relleno de electrolito, esto con el objetivo de evaluar el efecto que tienen sobre las variables. A partir de los datos adquiridos, se calcularon los parametros eléctricos asociados a las curvas de polarización, asi como la resistencia eléctrica en cada punto de las curvas.
+
+La @fig:Met_gral muestra el diagrama general de la metodología implementada en el presente trabajo.
+
+![Diagrama general implementado para la obtención de las curvas de polarización ($I_V$) del sistema.](Imagenes/Figures/Metod_V01.png){#fig:Met_gral width=90%}
+
+## Electrolizador 
+
+Desde la perspectiva de identificación de sistemas, el electrolizador se modela como una planta experimental conformada por 3 partes: electrodos, electrolito y carcasa. Los electrodos constituyen la interfaz electroquímica encargada de inyectar la corriente en el medio acuoso (electrolito), estos al estar expuestos a las reacciones químicas derivadas de la ruptura de la molécula del agua ($H_2 O$), deben ser diseñados a partir de un material capaz de soportar la corrosión para mantener condiciones de operación estables.
+
+Se opta por la implementación de un *Acero Inoxidable 304*, calibre $22$, con un espesor aproximado de $0.740 mm$ como material para el diseño de los electrodos. Cada electrodo tiene un superficie expuesta de $90mm^2$ y una dimension de $20mm x 93mm$, definidos por el diseño de la carcasa. 
+
+El electrolito empleado es una solución acuosa 1 M de hidróxido de sodio ($NaOH$) preparada con agua destilada, seleccionada para proporcionar una conductividad iónica suficiente y condiciones alcalinas estables durante las caracterizaciones.
+
+La carcasa esta integrada por un recipiente de vidrio y un tapa impresa en 3D fabricada en *polipropileno*, con el objetivo de generar una compatibilidad química en el medio. El propósito de esta configuración es evitar que las pruebas se vean afectadas por algún agente externo a los componentes involucrados en la celda electroquímica, de esta manera aseguramos la reproducibilidad de los experimentos y la fiabilidad de los datos obtenidos. 
+
+## Instrumentos de medición 
+
+El sistema fue alimentado por medio de una fuente de voltaje de corriente directa *Agilent N5770A*, con una capacidad maxima de suministro de potencia de $1500W$. Para la medición del voltaje entre el cátodo y ánodo se implementa un multímetro de precision *Picotest M3500A* con una resolución de $10 µV$ ($10 \times 10^{−5}$). Mientras que para la medición de la corriente que circula a través de la celda se implementa el dispositivo *Tektronix DMM4040*, que cuenta con una resolución de $100 pA$ ($1\times 10^{−10}$). Este se encuentra conectado en la interfaz de conexión de la fuente de voltaje y el ánodo de la celda. 
+
+Ambos multimetros presentan una resolucion global de pantalla de $6\frac{1}{2}$ dígitos. La @fig:conex_inst muestra el diagrama de conexión de los instrumentos empleados en el sistema de medición.
+
+![Diagrama de conexión de los dispositivos de medición.](Imagenes/Figures/conexion_instrumentos.jpg){#fig:conex_inst width=35%}
+
+## Adquisición de datos 
+
+Todos los instrumentos empleados para la caracterización del sistema, cuentan con el protocolo de comunicación *VISA* (*Virtual Instrument Software Architecture*), la cual es una *API* (*Interfaz de Programación de Aplicaciones*) estandarizada para la comunicación con equipos de prueba mediante interfaces *USB* y *RS-232*.  Para la gestión de esta comunicación se empleó *NI-VISA*, mientras que la librería *PyVISA* permitió el control de los instrumentos mediante el lenguaje de programación *Python* a través de comandos *SCPI* (*Standard Commands for Programmable Instruments*).
+
+Para la visualización y control de dichos instrumentos se desarrollo una interfaz gráfica basada en *Python*, esto nos permitió tener un monitoreo mas exhaustivo del comportamiento de las variables a lo largo de las pruebas. La toma de muestras se tomaron de manera automática y se guardaron en una tabla, la cual se analizo posteriormente. 
+
+Dicha tabla incluye los siguientes campos:
+
+- Número de muestra  
+- Voltaje inyectado  
+- Voltaje en los electrodos  
+- Corriente en los electrodos  
+- Corriente inyectada  
+- Resistencia eléctrica  
+- Temperatura  
+- Observaciones
+
+## Protocolo de Experimentación 
+
+Para la caracterización del sistema se estableció una sola prueba de 4 experimentos. En cada experimento se busco replicar las mismas condiciones con el fin de buscar la repetibilidad del comportamiento de la celda electroquímica. No obstante, existen variables externas —principalmente la temperatura ambiente— que no pueden controlarse por completo, por lo que entre experimentos pueden presentarse variaciones térmicas ligeras.
+
+En cada experimento se utiliza el mismo par de electrodos y el mismo electrolito, con el objetivo de observar si el desgaste de estos componentes influye en el comportamiento de las variables eléctricas. Cada experimento sigue el siguiente procedimiento:
+
+1. Se aplican incrementos de $0.1 V$ en la inyección de voltaje a la planta experimental, avanzando de manera progresiva hasta alcanzar el límite de corriente que puede suministrar la fuente de alimentación, que es de $10.5 A$.  
+2. Se establece un tiempo de espera aproximado de 1 minuto entre cada incremento para permitir la estabilización de las mediciones.  
+3. Para cada punto se obtiene un promedio de cinco muestras por parámetro medido y se registra en la tabla.
+
+Una vez concluida cada experimento, se obtiene una tabla de resultados como se muestra en @tbl:ejemp_tbl.
+
+
+: Ejemplo de tabla al finalizar una ronda. {#tbl:ejemp_tbl}
+
+| No. Muestra | Vol Iny | Vol Elec | Corr Elec | Corr Iny | Res | Temp |
+|------------|---------|----------|-----------|----------|-----|------|
+| 1 | 2.5 V | 2.3 V | 0.12 A | 0.15 A | 20 Ω | 25 °C |
+| 2 | 3.0 V | 2.8 V | 0.20 A | 0.22 A | 18 Ω | 27 °C |
+| 3 | 3.5 V | 3.2 V | 0.25 A | 0.28 A | 15 Ω | 30 °C |
+| … | … | … | … | … | … | … |
+
+# Resultados
+
+La @tbl:ejem_ronda muestra algunos de los datos obtenidos durante el *Experimento 1*. 
+
+
+:Tabla representativa de datos de la RONDA-A-20251121 del Experimento 1. {#tbl:ejem_ronda}
+
+| No. Muestra | Vol Iny | Vol Elec | Corr Elec | Corr Iny | Res (Ω) | Temp (°C) |
+|------------|---------|----------|-----------|----------|---------|-----------|
+| 10 | 1.0 V | 0.969 V | 0.000210 A | 0.001 A | 4606.84 | 21.49 |
+| 15 | 1.5 V | 1.470 V | 0.000309 A | 0.001 A | 4751.88 | 21.55 |
+| 20 | 2.0 V | 1.969 V | 0.016564 A | 0.100 A | 118.91 | 21.67 |
+| 25 | 2.5 V | 2.371 V | 0.430436 A | 0.870 A | 5.51 | 21.88 |
+| 30 | 3.0 V | 2.724 V | 1.064797 A | 1.395 A | 2.56 | 22.41 |
+| 35 | 3.5 V | 3.073 V | 1.761034 A | 2.07 A | 1.75 | 23.55 |
+
+Una vez obtenidos los datos de los 4 experimento se procesan por medio de un algoritmo desarrollado en python y se organizan para realizar la comparación de la evolución de las variables a traves del desarrollo de los experimentos. La @fig:ve_ce muestra una gráfica comparativa de la evolución de la corriente en los electrodos a traves de los 4 experimentos.
+
+![Gráfica comparativa de la evolución de la corriente en los electrodos durante los 4 experimentos.](Imagenes/Gráficas/Rnd1_Comp_Exp_Zonas_Clrs.png){#fig:ve_ce width=75%}
+
+Como se puede observar en @fig:ve_ce hay 4 zonas marcadas de distinto color, cada una de estas refleja la etapa por la que cruzo el experimento. La *Zona 1* marcada como **No conducción**, es considerada como la zona donde aun no existe un flujo del electrones del ánodo hacia el cátodo, la resistencia electroquímica sigue siendo grande y el potencial inyectado en el medio aun no es lo suficientemente grande como para romper la barrera de conducción, los valores de voltaje inyectado en la celda es $0.1V$ a $1.0V$. La *Zona 2* que corresponde a la zona de **Conducción** es aquella donde la barrera se rompe y empieza a ver flujo de electrones del ánodo hacia el cátodo, las mediciones por parte de los instrumentos se estabilizan y se observan cambios graduales al momento de ir aumentando el potencial, los valores de voltaje inyectado en la celda es $1.1V$ a $1.8V$. Sin embargo, el potencial aun no es suficiente para comenzar la reacción química tal para poder separar la molécula de agua en sus elementos básico $H_2 O$. La *Zona 3* es la zona de **Generación** en dicha zona visualmente se observa la generación de gas en los electrodos (Hidrógeno en el cátodo y Oxigeno en el ánodo),  los valores de voltaje inyectado en la celda es $1.9V$ a $4.5V$. La *Zona 4* la última denominada zona de **Saturación** es la zona donde el comportamiento de la reacción es de forma exotérmica, lo cual nos indica que la mayor parte de la energía es disipada en forma de calor, lo cual si no se cuida puede terminar en generación de vapor de agua lo cual disminuiría la calidad del Hidrógeno,  los valores de voltaje inyectado en la celda es $4.5V$ teniendo como limite el valor máximo permitido por la fuente de voltaje. 
+
+Partiendo de la división de las 4 distintas zonas se analiza el comportamiento de la resistencia electrica dentro de cada una de las zonas. En este caso se excluye la primera zona correspondiente a la zona de *No Conducción* esto debido que al no ver flujo de corriente el valor de la resistencia se considera de un valor muy grande. La @fig:res_condu muestra el comportamiento de la resistencia eléctrica dentro de la zona de *Conducción*. 
+
+![Gráfica de la evolución de la resistencia en la zona de conducción de los 4 experimentos.](Imagenes/Gráficas/Rnd1_Comp_Res_Cond.png){#fig:res_condu  width=75%}
+
+Como se puede observar en la @fig:res_condu el valor inicial del *Experimento 1* es menor que los valores reportados en los *Experimentos 2,3 y 4*. Esto se debe a que en el primer experimento las condiciones iniciales son las ideales, donde los electrodos y el electrolito no tiene ningún uso. Sin embargo, conforme aumenta el valor del voltaje en los electrodos el valor de la resistencia en los 4 experimentos tiene un valor similar. En la @fig:res_gen se muestra la evolución de la resistencia en la zona de *Generación*. 
+
+![Gráfica de la evolución de la resistencia en la zona de generación de los 4 experimentos](Imagenes/Gráficas/Rnd1_Comp_Res_Gene.png){#fig:res_gen width=75%}
+
+Al inicio de la gráfica de la @fig:res_gen se puede apreciar de nuevo una diferencia entre los valores del *Experimento 1* y los *Experimentos 2,3 y 4*, sin embargo, en este caso el valor es mayor contrario a lo observado en la @fig:res_condu. Conforme avanza el valor del voltaje en los electrodos el valor de la resistencia en los 4 experimentos tiene una tendencia a estabilizarse y tener un valor similar, se habla de que el sistema se esta comportando de manera endotérmica, donde la mayoria de la energía se esta aprovechando y no esta siendo disipada en forma de calor.  La @fig:res_sat muestra la respuesta de la resistencia en la última zona, la cual corresponde a la zona de *Saturación*. 
+
+![Gráfica de la evolución de la resistencia en la zona de saturación de los 4 experimentos](Imagenes/Gráficas/Rnd1_Comp_Res_Sat.png){#fig:res_sat width=75%}
+
+En esta zona de saturación se observa una diferencia clara entre los valores de resistencia correspondientes a los distintos experimentos, particularmente entre los *Experimentos 1 y 4*. Aunque todas las curvas presentan una tendencia decreciente de la resistencia aun dentro del régimen de saturación, existe un desplazamiento notable entre ellas. Este “desfase” no debe interpretarse únicamente como una variación puntual del valor de resistencia, sino como una modificación en la respuesta eléctrica global del sistema para un mismo nivel de energía inyectada.
+
+Al comparar la curva del *Experimento 1* con las de los *Experimentos 2, 3 y 4*, se aprecia que, para un mismo voltaje aplicado, la caída de tensión en los electrodos es mayor. Sin embargo, esto no implica necesariamente un mejor flujo de corriente. Por el contrario, indica que una fracción significativa de la energía suministrada se está concentrando en forma de potencial eléctrico en los electrodos, en lugar de transformarse eficientemente en corriente que favorezca la separación de la molécula de agua.
+
+Este comportamiento sugiere que el desgaste progresivo de los electrodos y las modificaciones en el electrolito influyen directamente en la distribución de la energía dentro del sistema. En consecuencia, el desplazamiento observado entre curvas refleja un cambio en el régimen de conducción eléctrica, donde el aumento de la caída de tensión no se traduce proporcionalmente en un incremento del flujo de corriente, evidenciando una alteración en la eficiencia electroquímica del proceso.
+
+Como se menciono anteriormente la zona de saturación comprende el comportamiento del sistema donde la mayoría de la energía inyectada se disipa en forma de calor, lo cual se ve reflejado en el aumento de la temperatura dentro del sistema. Las @fig:res_temp muestran el comportamiento de la resistencia y la temperatura del *Experimento 1 y 4* en la transición de la Zona de *Generación* hacia la Zona de *Saturación*. 
+
+![Gráficas comparativas del comportamiento de la resistencia y temperatura de los experimentos 1 y 4.](Imagenes/Gráficas/Ronda1_Exp1_Exp4_ResTemp_Comparacion.png){#fig:res_temp width=100%}
+
+Como se observa en la @fig:res_temp, el *Experimento 1* presenta una disminución progresiva de la resistencia durante la transición de la zona de *Generación* hacia la zona de *Saturación*. Aunque la resistencia continúa decreciendo en este intervalo, los cambios son graduales y se acompañan de un incremento moderado de la temperatura. Esta relación sugiere que, dentro de este régimen, una fracción significativa de la energía eléctrica suministrada se está empleando efectivamente en el proceso electroquímico de separación del agua, y no se disipa predominantemente en forma de calor. En consecuencia, el sistema mantiene un comportamiento relativamente estable desde el punto de vista térmico y eléctrico.
+
+En contraste, el *Experimento 4* exhibe un comportamiento distinto. Si bien la resistencia también muestra una tendencia decreciente en la zona de *Generación*, el aumento de la temperatura se manifiesta de manera más temprana y con una pendiente más pronunciada desde el inicio de dicha región. Este crecimiento térmico anticipado indica que una mayor proporción de la energía inyectada se está disipando como calor, lo cual sugiere un incremento en las pérdidas internas del sistema. En términos físicos, este comportamiento puede asociarse a un aumento de la contribución resistiva efectiva (ya sea por desgaste superficial de los electrodos, modificaciones en el electrolito o acumulación de burbujas en la interfaz) que altera la distribución energética y reduce la eficiencia electroquímica global del proceso.
+
+# Conclusiones 
+