%% This BibTeX bibliography file was created using BibDesk.
%% https://bibdesk.sourceforge.io/

%% Created for Gerardo Marx Chávez Campos at 2026-01-08 09:19:39 -0600 


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@article{yu2020,
	author = {Yu, L and Ren, Z},
	date-added = {2026-01-08 09:19:07 -0600},
	date-modified = {2026-01-08 09:19:07 -0600},
	journal = {Materials Today Physics},
	pages = {100253},
	publisher = {Elsevier},
	title = {Systematic study of the influence of iR compensation on water electrolysis},
	volume = {14},
	year = {2020},
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@article{noor-azam2023,
	author = {Noor Azam, Adam Mohd Izhan and Li, Ng Khai and Zulkefli, Nurul Noramelya and Masdar, Mohd Shahbudin and Majlan, Edy Herianto and Baharuddin, Nurul Akidah and Mohd Zainoodin, Azran and Mohamad Yunus, Rozan and Shamsul, Noor Shahirah and Husaini, Teuku and others},
	date-added = {2026-01-08 09:18:19 -0600},
	date-modified = {2026-01-08 09:18:19 -0600},
	journal = {Polymers},
	number = {3},
	pages = {560},
	publisher = {MDPI},
	title = {Parametric study and electrocatalyst of polymer electrolyte membrane (PEM) electrolysis performance},
	volume = {15},
	year = {2023},
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@article{djoubeir2023,
	author = {Djoubeir, Debbah and Hakim, Fatmi and Youcef, Bellal and Islam, Bougada and Salah Eddine, Letrache and Yaaqoub, Dib and Ali, Derradji and Youssouf, Bouffelgha and Bilel, Bakiri},
	date-added = {2026-01-08 09:17:20 -0600},
	date-modified = {2026-01-08 09:17:20 -0600},
	journal = {Algerian Journal of Renewable Energy and Sustainable Development},
	number = {2},
	pages = {159--164},
	publisher = {ASJP},
	title = {Numerical Modeling of Hydrogen Gas Bubble Dynamics in an Alkaline Water Electrolysis Process Using COMSOL Software},
	volume = {5},
	year = {2023},
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@article{liso2018,
	author = {Liso, Vincenzo and Savoia, Giorgio and Araya, Samuel Simon and Cinti, Giovanni and K{\ae}r, S{\o}ren Knudsen},
	date-added = {2026-01-08 09:15:44 -0600},
	date-modified = {2026-01-08 09:15:44 -0600},
	journal = {Energies},
	number = {12},
	pages = {3273},
	publisher = {MDPI},
	title = {Modelling and experimental analysis of a polymer electrolyte membrane water electrolysis cell at different operating temperatures},
	volume = {11},
	year = {2018},
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@article{phillips2017,
	author = {Phillips, Robert and Edwards, Adam and Rome, Bertrand and Jones, Daniel R and Dunnill, Charles W},
	date-added = {2026-01-08 09:14:48 -0600},
	date-modified = {2026-01-08 09:14:48 -0600},
	journal = {International Journal of Hydrogen Energy},
	number = {38},
	pages = {23986--23994},
	publisher = {Elsevier},
	title = {Minimising the ohmic resistance of an alkaline electrolysis cell through effective cell design},
	volume = {42},
	year = {2017},
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@article{selvan2018,
	author = {Selvan, K Karthigai and Panda, Rames C},
	date-added = {2026-01-08 00:11:09 -0600},
	date-modified = {2026-01-08 00:11:09 -0600},
	journal = {ChemBioEng Reviews},
	number = {1},
	pages = {57--74},
	publisher = {Wiley Online Library},
	title = {Mathematical modeling, parametric estimation, and operational control for natural gas sweetening processes},
	volume = {5},
	year = {2018},
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@article{zouhri2016,
	author = {Zouhri, Khalid and Lee, Seong-young},
	date-added = {2026-01-08 00:08:50 -0600},
	date-modified = {2026-01-08 00:08:50 -0600},
	journal = {International Journal of Hydrogen Energy},
	number = {18},
	pages = {7253--7263},
	publisher = {Elsevier},
	title = {Evaluation and optimization of the alkaline water electrolysis ohmic polarization: exergy study},
	volume = {41},
	year = {2016},
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@article{sakas2022,
	author = {Sakas, Georgios and Ib{\'a}{\~n}ez-Rioja, Alejandro and Ruuskanen, Vesa and Kosonen, Antti and Ahola, Jero and Bergmann, Olli},
	date-added = {2026-01-08 00:04:45 -0600},
	date-modified = {2026-01-08 00:04:45 -0600},
	journal = {International Journal of Hydrogen Energy},
	number = {7},
	pages = {4328--4345},
	publisher = {Elsevier},
	title = {Dynamic energy and mass balance model for an industrial alkaline water electrolyzer plant process},
	volume = {47},
	year = {2022}}

@article{majumdar2023,
	author = {Majumdar, Abhigyan and Haas, Meridian and Elliot, Isabella and Nazari, Shima},
	date-added = {2026-01-08 00:02:31 -0600},
	date-modified = {2026-01-08 00:02:31 -0600},
	journal = {International Journal of Hydrogen Energy},
	number = {79},
	pages = {30621--30641},
	publisher = {Elsevier},
	title = {Control and control-oriented modeling of PEM water electrolyzers: A review},
	volume = {48},
	year = {2023},
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@article{kumar2018,
	author = {Kumar, P and Bharti, RP and Kumar, V and Kundu, PP},
	date-added = {2026-01-08 00:01:09 -0600},
	date-modified = {2026-01-08 00:01:09 -0600},
	journal = {Progress and recent trends in microbial fuel cells},
	pages = {47--72},
	publisher = {Elsevier Amsterdam, The Netherlands},
	title = {Polymer electrolyte membranes for microbial fuel cells: Part A. Nafion-based membranes},
	year = {2018}}

@article{jarvinen2022,
	author = {J{\"a}rvinen, Lauri and Puranen, Pietari and Kosonen, Antti and Ruuskanen, Vesa and Ahola, Jero and Kauranen, Pertti and Hehemann, Michael},
	date-added = {2026-01-07 23:59:31 -0600},
	date-modified = {2026-01-07 23:59:31 -0600},
	journal = {International Journal of Hydrogen Energy},
	number = {75},
	pages = {31985--32003},
	publisher = {Elsevier},
	title = {Automized parametrization of PEM and alkaline water electrolyzer polarisation curves},
	volume = {47},
	year = {2022},
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@article{sanchez2020,
	author = {S{\'a}nchez, M{\'o}nica and Amores, Ernesto and Abad, David and Rodr{\'\i}guez, Lourdes and Clemente-Jul, Carmen},
	date-added = {2026-01-07 23:53:21 -0600},
	date-modified = {2026-01-07 23:53:21 -0600},
	journal = {International journal of hydrogen energy},
	number = {7},
	pages = {3916--3929},
	publisher = {Elsevier},
	title = {Aspen Plus model of an alkaline electrolysis system for hydrogen production},
	volume = {45},
	year = {2020},
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@article{ding2022,
	annote = {# Analysis of the effect of characteristic parameters and operating conditions on exergy efficiency of alkaline water electrolyzer

The most common water electrolysis technology includes alkaline water electrolysis (AWE), polymer exchange diaphragms water electrolysis (PEM), and solid oxides water electrolysis. AWE is the earliest developed and most mature technology among these three, which currently has the highest market share in the field of water electrolysis [11].

System modelling is one of the main areas of current research in AWE electrolyser and electrochemical modelling has received a lot of attention as the core of modelling work on water electrolysis systems. Ulleberg et al. [12] developed an empirical model for the accurate prediction of electrochemical properties, this model has been widely used by many authors as it requires a low number of experimental parameters to construct the polarization curve that characterizes the operation of electrolyzer.

At present, the electrolytic efficiency of AWE is 59%--70%. Further improvement of electrolytic efficiency is also a major area of current research, but high ohmic and activation over-potential loss have become the main factors to limit its efficiency [19,20]. 

There exist many evaluation indexes of electrolytic efficiency, including energy efficiency, voltage efficiency, thermal efficiency and so on. Energy efficiency bases on the first law of thermodynamics, which reflects the proportion of total input energy converted to hydrogen chemical energy.

However, the energy input to the electrolyzer is not only used in the electrolytic process, but also consumed in the form of useless energy and heat transfer. **Similar to Switching Mode Power Supplies**

According to the above literature investigation, there is still no reliable and comprehensive study on the effects of AWE characteristic parameters and operating conditions on exergy efficiency. This work will establish an AWE electrochemical-thermodynamic model and combine with exergy efficiency analysis method to carry out relatively comprehensive analysis of AWE characteristic parameters and operating conditions on exergy efficiency and voltage loss.

## Exergy efficiency analysis method

This section will compare the analysis methods of energy efficiency and exergy efficiency and point out the advantages of exergy efficiency analysis. First, it is necessary to calculate the theoretical energy required for water electrolysis, its total energy demand is expressed as follows:Where  stands for enthalpy change which reflects the energy demand of water decomposition under certain conditions (285 kJ/mol under standard conditions); $$ is Gibbs free energy; $Q$is the heat 

## Analysis of cell voltage and exergy efficiency

In this section, a detailed analysis of the cell voltage composition, percentage and variation trend will be carried out based on experimental data, on this basis, the relationship between the exergy efficiency change under different operating conditions and the energy loss due to activation over-potential and ohmic over-potential for each part will be obtained.

$$

 and the proportion of $$、 $$、 $$ in the total voltage when changing with current density are obtained based on the AWE},
	author = {Ding, Shunliang and Guo, Bin and Hu, Song and Gu, Junjie and Yang, Fuyuan and Li, Yangyang and Dang, Jian and Liu, Biao and Ma, Jugang},
	date-added = {2026-01-07 23:41:44 -0600},
	date-modified = {2026-01-07 23:51:41 -0600},
	journal = {Journal of Power Sources},
	pages = {231532},
	publisher = {Elsevier},
	title = {Analysis of the effect of characteristic parameters and operating conditions on exergy efficiency of alkaline water electrolyzer},
	volume = {537},
	year = {2022},
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