@inproceedings{ref1,
	address = {Ixtapa},
	title = {Water electrolysis experimental characterization and numerical model: {Case} of study with three kind of electrodes},
	isbn = {978-1-5386-0819-7},
	shorttitle = {Water electrolysis experimental characterization and numerical model},
	url = {http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/8261687/},
	doi = {10.1109/ROPEC.2017.8261687},
	abstract = {Hydrogen is considered as a reliable energy storage medium for sustainable and renewable energy systems in the future. The production of hydrogen by alkaline electrolysis of water consists of the application of an electric potential that allows separating the H2O in molecular gaseous hydrogen and oxygen particles. Thus, in order to develop more suitable systems the use of models based in the finite element method has been recently explored. However, no especial attention has been paid in the selection of the electrode’s material. In this work, a finite element model was developed based in the current distribution theory and Nernst and Butler-Volmer equations. The model and experiments consider three types of electrodes. Finally, the model results and experimental data were compared to observe a disturbing behavior in the equilibrium potencial, this could be attributed to a low reduction potencial in electrode’s components. Index Terms—Electrolysis, hydrogen and finite element method.},
	language = {en},
	urldate = {2026-01-29},
	booktitle = {2017 {IEEE} {International} {Autumn} {Meeting} on {Power}, {Electronics} and {Computing} ({ROPEC})},
	publisher = {IEEE},
	author = {Lopez-Garcia, Nadia A. and Rodriguez-Tapia, Marina E. and Vergara-Hernandez, Hector J. and Chavez-Campos, Gerardo M.},
	month = nov,
	year = {2017},
	pages = {1--4},
	file = {PDF:C\:\\Users\\ponce\\Zotero\\storage\\I5DJPC3X\\Lopez-Garcia et al. - 2017 - Water electrolysis experimental characterization and numerical model Case of study with three kind.pdf:application/pdf},
}

@article{ref3,
	title = {Optimización basada en modelos de sistemas de electrólisis alcalina para la producción de hidrógeno},
	issn = {2683-8818},
	url = {https://rtyc.utn.edu.ar/index.php/ajea/article/view/1042},
	doi = {10.33414/ajea.1042.2022},
	abstract = {Hydrogen plays a crucial role in the sustainable transformation of the energy systems. Water electrolysis using electricity generated from renewable energy sources is among the most environmentally friendly hydrogen production processes. In this paper, model-based simultaneous optimization of the geometric dimensions and operating conditions of an alkaline water electrolyzer is addressed. To this end, a nonlinear mathematical programming (NLP) optimization model, based on first principles, is developed. Gradient-based deterministic optimization is performed. The model is firstly validated using two reference cases reported in the literature. Then, the values of operating conditions and geometric dimensions that maximize cell efficiency are simultaneously optimized. Regarding computational aspects, the model is implemented in General Algebraic Modeling System (GAMS) software and solved using CONOPT solver.},
	language = {es},
	number = {15},
	urldate = {2026-01-29},
	journal = {AJEA},
	author = {Arpajou, María Candelaria and Mussati, Miguel and Oliva, Diego},
	month = oct,
	year = {2022},
	file = {PDF:C\:\\Users\\ponce\\Zotero\\storage\\AGS68NTJ\\Arpajou et al. - 2022 - Optimización basada en modelos de sistemas de electrólisis alcalina para la producción de hidrógeno.pdf:application/pdf},
}

@phdthesis{ref4,
	address = {San Salvador},
	title = {{PRODUCCIÓN} {DE} {HIDRÓGENO} {POR} {ELECTRÓLISIS} {DE} {AGUA} {UTILIZANDO} {ENERGÍA} {SOLAR} {Y} {EVALUACIÓN} {DE} {SU} {USO} {COMO} {COMBUSTIBLE} {FUENTE} {DE} {ENERGÍA} {TÉRMICA}},
	language = {es},
	school = {Universidad del Salvador},
	author = {Padilla, Chicas and Abner, Julio and Cruz, Guzmán and Manuel, William},
	month = mar,
	year = {2021},
	file = {PDF:C\:\\Users\\ponce\\Zotero\\storage\\RR4UR64K\\Padilla et al. - PRODUCCIÓN DE HIDRÓGENO POR ELECTRÓLISIS DE AGUA UTILIZANDO ENERGÍA SOLAR Y EVALUACIÓN DE SU USO COM.pdf:application/pdf},
}

@phdthesis{ref5,
	address = {Villavicencio},
	title = {{EVALUACIÓN} {DE} {LA} {EFICIENCIA} {DE} {PRODUCCIÓN} {DE} {HIDRÓGENO} {VERDE} {MEDIANTE} {ELECTRÓLISIS} {DEL} {AGUA} {CON} {ELECTRODOS} {DE} {BAJO} {COSTO}},
	language = {es},
	school = {Universitat Santo Tomas},
	author = {Vásquez, Ariadna Martínez},
	year = {2024},
	file = {PDF:C\:\\Users\\ponce\\Zotero\\storage\\SE4AQ2IH\\Vásquez - 2024 - EVALUACIÓN DE LA EFICIENCIA DE PRODUCCIÓN DE HIDRÓGENO VERDE MEDIANTE ELECTRÓLISIS DEL AGUA CON ELEC.pdf:application/pdf},
}

@misc{noauthor_notitle_nodate,
}

@phdthesis{ref2,
	address = {Mineral de la Reforma, Hidalgo},
	title = {Evaluación de una aleación de {Ni}-{Fe}-{Cr}-{Mo} como electrolizador para la producción de hidrógeno mediante electrólisis del agua},
	language = {Español},
	school = {Universidad Autonoma del Estado de Hidalgo},
	author = {Hernández, Gamaliel},
	month = jan,
	year = {2024},
	file = {PDF:C\:\\Users\\ponce\\Zotero\\storage\\N7KJCLHZ\\Hernández - 2024 - Evaluación de una aleación de Ni-Fe-Cr-Mo como electrolizador para la producción de hidrógeno median.pdf:application/pdf},
}

@inproceedings{ref6,
	address = {Mumbai, India},
	title = {Experimental {Investigation} using an {On}-{Board} {Dry} {Cell} {Electrolyzer} in a {CI} {Engine} working on {Dual} {Fuel} {Mode}},
	volume = {90},
	doi = {10.1016/j.egypro.2016.11.187},
	publisher = {Energy Procedia},
	author = {P.V, Manu and Anoop, Sunil and S., Jayaraj},
	month = dec,
	year = {2015},
	pages = {8},
	file = {PDF:C\:\\Users\\ponce\\Zotero\\storage\\A7BP6MU6\\P.V et al. - 2015 - Experimental Investigation using an On-Board Dry Cell Electrolyzer in a CI Engine working on Dual Fu.pdf:application/pdf},
}

@article{ref7,
	title = {Impact of expected cost reduction and lifetime extension of electrolysis stacks on hydrogen production costs},
	doi = {10.1016/j.ijhydene.2024.08.015},
	publisher = {International Journal of Hydrogen Energy},
	author = {Roeder, Timo and Rosenstiel, Andreas and Monnerie, Nathalie and Sattler, Christian},
	month = aug,
	year = {2024},
	pages = {10},
	file = {PDF:C\:\\Users\\ponce\\Zotero\\storage\\TWTQGR8B\\Roeder et al. - 2024 - Impact of expected cost reduction and lifetime extension of electrolysis stacks on hydrogen producti.pdf:application/pdf},
}

@article{ref9,
	address = {Santander, España.},
	title = {Steam electrolysis for green hydrogen generation. {State} of the art and research perspective.},
	volume = {202},
	doi = {10.1016/j.rser.2024.114725},
	number = {1364-0321},
	journal = {Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews},
	publisher = {Elsevier Ltd.},
	author = {Norman, E.A. and Maestre, V.M. and Ortiz, A. and Ortiz, I.},
	month = jul,
	year = {2024},
	file = {PDF:C\:\\Users\\ponce\\Zotero\\storage\\N5BFJM2E\\Norman et al. - 2024 - Steam electrolysis for green hydrogen generation. State of the art and research perspective..pdf:application/pdf},
}

@article{ref11,
	address = {India},
	title = {Current-{Voltage} (i-{V}) characteristics of electrolyte-supported ({NiO}-{YSZ}/{NiO}-{SDC}/{ScSZ}/{LSCF}-{GDC}/{LSCF}) solid oxide electrolysis cell during {CO2}/{H2O} co-electrolysis},
	volume = {9},
	doi = {10.1016/j.chphi.2024.100670},
	number = {100670},
	journal = {Chemical Physics Impact},
	publisher = {Elsevier B.V.},
	author = {Shirasangi, Rahulkumar and Lakhanlal and Prasad Dasari, Hari and Saidutta, M.B.},
	month = jun,
	year = {2024},
	file = {PDF:C\:\\Users\\ponce\\Zotero\\storage\\T2HVAG75\\Shirasangi et al. - 2024 - Current-Voltage (i-V) characteristics of electrolyte-supported (NiO-YSZNiO-SDCScSZLSCF-GDCLSCF).pdf:application/pdf},
}

@article{ref12,
	address = {Norway},
	title = {A novel hybrid analysis and modeling approach applied to aluminum electrolysis process},
	volume = {105},
	doi = {10.1016/j.jprocont.2021.06.005},
	number = {62-77},
	journal = {Journal of Process Control},
	publisher = {Elsevier Ltd.},
	author = {Berg Lundby, Erlend Torje and Rasheed, Adil and Gravdahl, Jan Tommy and Halvorsen, Ivar Johan},
	month = jun,
	year = {2021},
	file = {PDF:C\:\\Users\\ponce\\Zotero\\storage\\XLMYIRWQ\\Berg Lundby et al. - 2021 - A novel hybrid analysis and modeling approach applied to aluminum electrolysis process.pdf:application/pdf},
}

@article{ref13,
	address = {Saudi, Arabia},
	title = {Hydrogen {Production} by {Water} {Electrolysis}: {A} {Review} of {Alkaline} {Water} {Electrolysis}, {PEM} {Water} {Electrolysis} and {High} {Temperature} {Water} {Electrolysis}},
	volume = {4},
	issn = {2249-8958},
	abstract = {Water electrolysis is a quite old technology started around two centuries back, but promising technology for hydrogen production. This work reviewed the development, crisis and significance, past, present and future of the different water electrolysis techniques. In this work thermodynamics, energy requirement and efficiencies of electrolysis processes are reviewed. Alkaline water electrolysis, polymer electrolysis membrane (PEM) and High temperature electrolysis are reviewed and compared. Low share of water electrolysis for hydrogen production is due to cost ineffective, high maintenance, low durability and stability and low efficiency compare to other available technologies. Current technology and knowledge of water electrolysis are studied and reviewed for where the modifications and development required for hydrogen production. This review paper analyzes the energy requirement, practical cell voltage, efficiency of process, temperature and pressure effects on potential kinetics of hydrogen production and effect of electrode materials on the conventional water electrolysis for Alkaline electrolysis, PEM electrolysis and High Temperature Electrolysis .},
	language = {en},
	number = {3},
	journal = {International Journal of Engineering and Advanced Technology (IJEAT)},
	publisher = {Blue Eyes Intelligence Engineering \& Sciences Publication},
	author = {Rashid, Mamoon and Mesfer, Mohammed K Al and Naseem, Hamid and Danish, Mohd},
	month = feb,
	year = {2015},
	file = {PDF:C\:\\Users\\ponce\\Zotero\\storage\\56W4CYS8\\Rashid et al. - 2015 - Hydrogen Production by Water Electrolysis A Review of Alkaline Water Electrolysis, PEM Water Electr.pdf:application/pdf},
}

@book{ref14,
	address = {Madrid},
	edition = {2},
	title = {Hidrógeno {Vector} energético de una economía descarbonizada},
	isbn = {978-84-09-22546-0},
	url = {www.fundacionnaturgy.org},
	publisher = {Fundación Naturgy},
	author = {Morante, Juan Ramón. and Andreu, Teresa and García, Gotzon and Guilera, Jordi and Taracón, Albert and Torrel, Marc},
	file = {PDF:C\:\\Users\\ponce\\Zotero\\storage\\XMLRWSQD\\Morante et al. - Hidrógeno Vector energético de una economía descarbonizada.pdf:application/pdf},
}

@phdthesis{ref15,
	address = {Valencia (Spain)},
	title = {Electrolizadores de alta temperatura basados en cerámicas protónicas.},
	url = {https://riunet.upv.es/handle/10251/147114},
	doi = {10.4995/Thesis/10251/147114},
	language = {es},
	urldate = {2026-01-29},
	school = {Universitat Politècnica de València},
	author = {Bausá Martínez, Nuria},
	month = may,
	year = {2020},
	file = {PDF:C\:\\Users\\ponce\\Zotero\\storage\\5IZNJNGT\\Bausá Martínez - 2020 - Electrolizadores de alta temperatura basados en cerámicas protónicas..pdf:application/pdf},
}

@article{ref20,
	address = {Netherlands},
	title = {Impact of power supply fluctuation and part load operation on the efficiency of alkaline water electrolysis},
	volume = {560},
	issn = {03787753},
	url = {https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0378775323000046},
	doi = {10.1016/j.jpowsour.2023.232629},
	abstract = {Contrary to traditional electrolysers which operate continuously at their nominal load, future alkaline electrolysers need to be able to operate over a wide load range due to the variability of renewable electricity supply. We have investigated how the residual ripples from thyristor-based power supplies are influenced by the operating load of the system, and how these ripples affect the efficiency of alkaline electrolysers. For this, a simulation tool was developed which combines a six-pulse bridge thyristor rectifier model with closed-loop current control and semi-empirical electrolysis models. The electrolysis models can simulate the potential response to both direct and high amplitude alternating currents for lab-scale and industrial electrolysers. The electrolysis model of the labscale electrolyser was validated with experiments with a square wave current input. The models show that without filters the ripples result in a total system efficiency loss of 1.2–2.5\% at full load and of 5.6–10.6\% at a part load of 20\% depending on the type of electrolyser. The implementation of an optimized L-filter suppresses residual ripples and reduces the efficiency losses to 0.5\%–0.8\% at full load and to 0.8–1.2\% at the minimum load.},
	language = {en},
	urldate = {2026-01-29},
	journal = {Journal of Power Sources},
	publisher = {Elsevier B.V.},
	author = {Amireh, Senan F. and Heineman, Niels N. and Vermeulen, Paul and Barros, Rodrigo Lira Garcia and Yang, Dongsheng and Van Der Schaaf, John and De Groot, Matheus T.},
	month = mar,
	year = {2023},
	pages = {232629},
	file = {PDF:C\:\\Users\\ponce\\Zotero\\storage\\GFTHNLNK\\Amireh et al. - 2023 - Impact of power supply fluctuation and part load operation on the efficiency of alkaline water elect.pdf:application/pdf},
}

@article{ref21,
	address = {Netherlands},
	title = {Alkaline water electrolysis: with or without iron in the electrolyte?},
	volume = {42},
	issn = {22113398},
	shorttitle = {Alkaline water electrolysis},
	url = {https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S2211339823000850},
	doi = {10.1016/j.coche.2023.100981},
	language = {en},
	urldate = {2026-01-29},
	journal = {Current Opinion in Chemical Engineering},
	publisher = {Elsevier Ltd.},
	author = {De Groot, Matheus T},
	month = dec,
	year = {2023},
	pages = {100981},
	file = {PDF:C\:\\Users\\ponce\\Zotero\\storage\\BSRHPPTA\\De Groot - 2023 - Alkaline water electrolysis with or without iron in the electrolyte.pdf:application/pdf},
}

@article{ref22,
	title = {Effect of voltage elevation on cost and energy efficiency of power electronics in water electrolyzers},
	volume = {574},
	doi = {10.1016/j.powsour.2023.233108},
	number = {233108},
	journal = {Journal of Power Sources},
	publisher = {Elsevier B.V.},
	author = {Hysa, Galdi and Ruuskanen, Vesa and Kosonen, Antti and Niemela, Markku and Aarniovuori, Lassi},
	month = may,
	year = {2023},
	file = {PDF:C\:\\Users\\ponce\\Zotero\\storage\\54NDGJ4N\\Hysa et al. - 2023 - Effect of voltage elevation on cost and energy efficiency of power electronics in water electrolyzer.pdf:application/pdf},
}

@article{ref24,
	title = {Hydrogen production via electrolysis: {Operando} monitoring and analyses},
	volume = {3},
	issn = {26671093},
	shorttitle = {Hydrogen production via electrolysis},
	url = {https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S2667109323001161},
	doi = {10.1016/j.checat.2023.100601},
	abstract = {For deep decarbonization, pressure is on to develop better green hydrogen energy sources with higher efficiency, extended durability, and lower cost. Electrolysis is very promising for green hydrogen production, yet several challenges need to be overcome. Operando techniques can offer in situ monitoring and real-time observation of water electrolysis, including reaction mechanisms, structural changes, ionic conductivity, transport properties, and degradation mechanisms. We first discuss the current progress in operando analysis of electrolysis for hydrogen production and provide an overview of recent advances in radiography and tomography techniques: infrared, Raman, X-ray absorption, photoelectron, and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy methods. Next, operational principles; temporal, spatial, and spectral ranges; and limitations in operando monitoring and analyses are presented. Furthermore, reactions and mechanisms that occur in these systems, and resultant system durability, are reviewed. Finally, we recommend future directions in operando characterization for enhancing live monitoring of reactions, transport phenomena, and degradation mechanisms in hydrogen production.},
	language = {en},
	number = {5},
	urldate = {2026-01-29},
	journal = {Chem Catalysis},
	publisher = {CellPress},
	author = {Kaplan, Begüm Yarar and Kırlıoğlu, Ahmet Can and Alinezhadfar, Mohammad and Zabara, Mohammed Ahmed and Mojarrad, Naeimeh Rajabalizadeh and Iskandarani, Bilal and Yürüm, Alp and Ozkan, Cengiz Sinan and Ozkan, Mihrimah and Gürsel, Selmiye Alkan},
	month = may,
	year = {2023},
	pages = {100601},
	file = {PDF:C\:\\Users\\ponce\\Zotero\\storage\\P5PED3I9\\Kaplan et al. - 2023 - Hydrogen production via electrolysis Operando monitoring and analyses.pdf:application/pdf},
}

@article{ref25,
	title = {Understanding the reaction mechanism of {Kolbe} electrolysis on {Pt} anodes},
	volume = {2},
	issn = {26671093},
	url = {https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S2667109322001099},
	doi = {10.1016/j.checat.2022.02.014},
	abstract = {Kolbe electrolysis has been proposed as an efficient electro-oxidation process to synthesize (un)symmetrical dimers from biomassbased carboxylic acids, but its mechanism remains controversial. In this work, we develop a microkinetic model based on density functional theory to study the reaction mechanism of Kolbe electrolysis of acetic acid (CH3COOH) on both pristine and partially oxidized Pt anodes. We show that the shift in the rate-determining step of the oxygen evolution reaction (OER) on a Pt(111)@a-PtO2 surface from OH* formation to H2O adsorption gives rise to large Tafel slopes, i.e., the inflection zones observed experimentally at high anodic potentials on Pt. Our simulations find that the CH3COO* decarboxylation and CH3* dimerization steps determine the activity of the Kolbe reaction. This work resolves major controversies in the mechanism of Kolbe electrolysis on Pt anodes: the origin of the inflection zone and the identity of the rate-limiting step.},
	language = {en},
	number = {5},
	urldate = {2026-01-29},
	journal = {Chem Catalysis},
	publisher = {CellPress},
	author = {Liu, Sihang and Govindarajan, Nitish and Prats, Hector and Chan, Karen},
	month = may,
	year = {2022},
	pages = {1100--1113},
	file = {PDF:C\:\\Users\\ponce\\Zotero\\storage\\YM72PY3W\\Liu et al. - 2022 - Understanding the reaction mechanism of Kolbe electrolysis on Pt anodes.pdf:application/pdf},
}

@article{ref29,
	title = {Impact of power supply fluctuation and part load operation on the efficiency of alkaline water electrolysis},
	volume = {560},
	issn = {03787753},
	url = {https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0378775323000046},
	doi = {10.1016/j.jpowsour.2023.232629},
	abstract = {Contrary to traditional electrolysers which operate continuously at their nominal load, future alkaline electrolysers need to be able to operate over a wide load range due to the variability of renewable electricity supply. We have investigated how the residual ripples from thyristor-based power supplies are influenced by the operating load of the system, and how these ripples affect the efficiency of alkaline electrolysers. For this, a simulation tool was developed which combines a six-pulse bridge thyristor rectifier model with closed-loop current control and semi-empirical electrolysis models. The electrolysis models can simulate the potential response to both direct and high amplitude alternating currents for lab-scale and industrial electrolysers. The electrolysis model of the labscale electrolyser was validated with experiments with a square wave current input. The models show that without filters the ripples result in a total system efficiency loss of 1.2–2.5\% at full load and of 5.6–10.6\% at a part load of 20\% depending on the type of electrolyser. The implementation of an optimized L-filter suppresses residual ripples and reduces the efficiency losses to 0.5\%–0.8\% at full load and to 0.8–1.2\% at the minimum load.},
	language = {en},
	urldate = {2026-01-29},
	journal = {Journal of Power Sources},
	author = {Amireh, Senan F. and Heineman, Niels N. and Vermeulen, Paul and Barros, Rodrigo Lira Garcia and Yang, Dongsheng and Van Der Schaaf, John and De Groot, Matheus T.},
	month = mar,
	year = {2023},
	pages = {232629},
	file = {PDF:C\:\\Users\\ponce\\Zotero\\storage\\TUMYCRF9\\Amireh et al. - 2023 - Impact of power supply fluctuation and part load operation on the efficiency of alkaline water elect.pdf:application/pdf},
}

@article{ref31,
	title = {An {Investigation} into the {Electrical} {Impedance} of {Water} {Electrolysis} {Cells} - {With} a {View} to {Saving} {Energy}},
	volume = {7},
	issn = {14523981},
	url = {https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S1452398123139691},
	doi = {10.1016/S1452-3981(23)13969-1},
	language = {en},
	number = {4},
	urldate = {2026-01-29},
	journal = {International Journal of Electrochemical Science},
	author = {Mazloomi, Kaveh and Sulaiman, Nasri B. and Moayedi, Hossein},
	month = apr,
	year = {2012},
	pages = {3466--3481},
	file = {PDF:C\:\\Users\\ponce\\Zotero\\storage\\LKC3KDCX\\Mazloomi et al. - 2012 - An Investigation into the Electrical Impedance of Water Electrolysis Cells - With a View to Saving E.pdf:application/pdf},
}

@article{ref32,
	title = {An analytic equation for single cell electrochemical impedance spectroscopy with a dependence on cell position},
	volume = {13},
	issn = {2158-3226},
	url = {https://pubs.aip.org/adv/article/13/9/095315/2911502/An-analytic-equation-for-single-cell},
	doi = {10.1063/5.0166409},
	abstract = {An analytic equation for electrochemical impedance of a single-cell measured with a microelectrode is presented. A previously reported equation had a practical problem that it is valid only when the microelectrode resides at the center of the cell under test. In this work, we propose a new analytic equation incorporating dependence on the cell position and confirmed its effectiveness by numerical simulation. Comparisons show that our proposed equation gives excellent agreement with the simulated impedance values. Discrepancies between the results from our equation and numerical simulation are suppressed within 13\%, which is a dramatic reduction from the previously reported discrepancy of 58\%. The proposed analytic equation is expected to enable more accurate analysis in actual cell experiments.},
	language = {en},
	number = {9},
	urldate = {2026-01-29},
	journal = {AIP Advances},
	author = {Sugahara, Yusuke and Uno, Shigeyasu},
	month = sep,
	year = {2023},
	pages = {095315},
	file = {PDF:C\:\\Users\\ponce\\Zotero\\storage\\5DWWFV3X\\Sugahara and Uno - 2023 - An analytic equation for single cell electrochemical impedance spectroscopy with a dependence on cel.pdf:application/pdf},
}

@article{ref33,
	title = {Equivalent {Circuit} and {Continuum} {Modeling} of the {Impedance} of {Electrolyte}-{Filled} {Pores}},
	volume = {2},
	issn = {2768-5608},
	url = {https://link.aps.org/doi/10.1103/PRXEnergy.2.043006},
	doi = {10.1103/PRXEnergy.2.043006},
	language = {en},
	number = {4},
	urldate = {2026-01-29},
	journal = {PRX Energy},
	author = {Pedersen, Christian and Aslyamov, Timur and Janssen, Mathijs},
	month = oct,
	year = {2023},
	pages = {043006},
	file = {PDF:C\:\\Users\\ponce\\Zotero\\storage\\D9IJA92Q\\Pedersen et al. - 2023 - Equivalent Circuit and Continuum Modeling of the Impedance of Electrolyte-Filled Pores.pdf:application/pdf},
}

@article{ref34,
	title = {An analytical formula for determining the electrical impedance between a single adherent cell and sensor substrate},
	volume = {61},
	issn = {0021-4922, 1347-4065},
	url = {https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.35848/1347-4065/ac9877},
	doi = {10.35848/1347-4065/ac9877},
	abstract = {Abstract
            An analytical formula for the electrical impedance between an adherent living cell and a sensor substrate measured using a microelectrode is presented for the first time. Previously-reported formula has been applicable only for the case where many cells are on a large electrode. In contrast, our formula is valid even when a microelectrode smaller than the cell-size is underneath the cell, which is often the case for the state-of-the-art single-cell analysis. Numerical simulations for verifying the accuracy of our formula reveals that the discrepancies between the theoretical impedances calculated by our formula and numerical simulation results are negligibly small. Our formula will be useful for describing cell-substrate impedance properties in equivalent circuit model analysis or sensor design optimizations.},
	language = {en},
	number = {11},
	urldate = {2026-01-29},
	journal = {Japanese Journal of Applied Physics},
	author = {Shiozawa, Masataka and Uno, Shigeyasu},
	month = nov,
	year = {2022},
	pages = {117001},
	file = {PDF:C\:\\Users\\ponce\\Zotero\\storage\\CY3I5E8M\\Shiozawa and Uno - 2022 - An analytical formula for determining the electrical impedance between a single adherent cell and se.pdf:application/pdf},
}

@article{ref35,
	title = {Experimental study of alkaline water electrolyzer performance and frequency behavior under high frequency dynamic operation},
	volume = {67},
	issn = {03603199},
	url = {https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0360319924013545},
	doi = {10.1016/j.ijhydene.2024.04.093},
	abstract = {Industrial water electrolyzers mainly use old thyristor-based rectifiers to obtain the DC current required to run because of the low voltage level and high current requirements of the processes. These rectifiers cause significant ripple in the electrolyzer input current, leading to dynamic operation of the electrolyzer. Even though industrial-scale water electrolyzers are operated under such dynamic conditions, the effect on the electrolyzer performance is not well explored. In this study, current measurements from an industrial alkaline electrolyzer plant were used to define the common current ripple amplitude and frequency caused by the thyristor-based rectification. Based on the parameters obtained, laboratory measurements were conducted using an alkaline water electrolyzer to define the power losses incurred at various ripple amplitudes and frequencies. Additionally, the linearization of the electrolyzer current–voltage behavior as a function of frequency was studied using two electrode sets made of different materials. The laboratory measurements carried out in the study show that the ripple amplitude has a significant effect on increasing the losses, whereas the ripple frequency counteracts this. Thus, dynamic operation can have a large impact on losses, especially at partial loads, where the ripple current amplitudes increase significantly when using thyristor rectifiers. Lastly, the frequencies where the electrolyzer starts to behave linearly were observed to be at 68 Hz with the first electrode set and at 5 Hz with the second one. The considerable difference between the electrode sets indicates that the electrode materials and microstructure play a significant role in defining the electrolyzer frequency behavior. Because common thyristor-based power delivery systems operate at 300 Hz or 600 Hz, the results also imply that when modeling these systems, a linear model can be used for the electrolyzer to simplify the simulation.},
	language = {en},
	urldate = {2026-01-29},
	journal = {International Journal of Hydrogen Energy},
	author = {Järvinen, Lauri and Puranen, Pietari and Ruuskanen, Vesa and Kosonen, Antti and Kauranen, Pertti and Ahola, Jero and Chatzichristodoulou, Christodoulos},
	month = may,
	year = {2024},
	pages = {50--61},
	file = {PDF:C\:\\Users\\ponce\\Zotero\\storage\\F8EGRG5H\\Järvinen et al. - 2024 - Experimental study of alkaline water electrolyzer performance and frequency behavior under high freq.pdf:application/pdf},
}

@book{ref36,
	address = {New York},
	edition = {2nd ed},
	title = {Electrochemical methods: fundamentals and applications},
	isbn = {978-0-471-04372-0},
	shorttitle = {Electrochemical methods},
	language = {en},
	publisher = {Wiley},
	author = {Bard, Allen J. and Faulkner, Larry R.},
	year = {2001},
	keywords = {Electrochemistry},
	file = {36_Electrochemical Methods - Fundamentals and Applns 2nd ed  - A. Bard, L. Faulkner (Wiley, 2001) WW:C\:\\Users\\ponce\\Zotero\\storage\\H6W2ZQ99\\Bard and Faulkner - 2001 - Electrochemical methods fundamentals and applications.pdf:application/pdf},
}

@book{ref37,
	address = {New York},
	edition = {8},
	title = {Physical {Chemistry}},
	isbn = {0-7167-8759-8},
	language = {English},
	publisher = {W.H. Freeman},
	author = {Atkins, Peter and De Paula, Julio},
	file = {PDF:C\:\\Users\\ponce\\Zotero\\storage\\BMIM6GLC\\Atkins and De Paula - Physical Chemistry.pdf:application/pdf},
}

@article{ref38,
	title = {Hydrogen production by water electrolysis technologies: {A} review},
	volume = {20},
	issn = {25901230},
	shorttitle = {Hydrogen production by water electrolysis technologies},
	url = {https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S2590123023005534},
	doi = {10.1016/j.rineng.2023.101426},
	abstract = {Hydrogen as an energy source has been identified as an optimal pathway for mitigating climate change by combining renewable electricity with water electrolysis systems. Proton exchange membrane (PEM) technology has received a substantial amount of attention because of its ability to efficiently produce high-purity hydrogen while minimising challenges associated with handling and maintenance. Another hydrogen generation technology, alkaline water electrolysis (AWE), has been widely used in commercial hydrogen production applications. Anion exchange membrane (AEM) technology can produce hydrogen at relatively low costs because the noble metal catalysts used in PEM and AWE systems are replaced with conventional low-cost electrocatalysts. Solid oxide electrolyzer cell (SOEC) technology is another electrolysis technology for producing hydrogen at relatively high conversion efficiencies, low cost, and with low associated emissions. However, the operating temperatures of SOECs are high which necessitates long startup times. This review addresses the current state of technologies capable of using impure water in water electrolysis systems. Commercially available water electrolysis systems were extensively discussed and compared. The technical barriers of hydrogen production by PEM and AEM were also investigated. Furthermore, commercial PEM stack electrolyzer performance was evaluated using artificial river water (soft water). An integrated system approach was recommended for meeting the power and pure water demands using reversible seawater by combining renewable electricity, water electrolysis, and fuel cells. AEM performance was considered to be low, requiring further developments to enhance the membrane’s lifetime.},
	language = {en},
	urldate = {2026-01-29},
	journal = {Results in Engineering},
	author = {El-Shafie, Mostafa},
	month = dec,
	year = {2023},
	pages = {101426},
	file = {PDF:C\:\\Users\\ponce\\Zotero\\storage\\A6SLUH5R\\El-Shafie - 2023 - Hydrogen production by water electrolysis technologies A review.pdf:application/pdf},
}

@article{ref39,
	address = {Netherlands},
	title = {Advanced characterization of alkaline water electrolysis through electrochemical impedance spectroscopy and polarization curves},
	volume = {974},
	doi = {10.1016/j.jelechem.2024.118709},
	number = {118709},
	journal = {Journal of Electroanalytical Chemistry},
	publisher = {Elsevier B.V.},
	author = {De Groot, Matheus T. and Vermeulen, Paul},
	month = oct,
	year = {2024},
	pages = {10},
	file = {PDF:C\:\\Users\\ponce\\Zotero\\storage\\RV6JKJHW\\De Groot and Vermeulen - 2024 - Advanced characterization of alkaline water electrolysis through electrochemical impedance spectrosc.pdf:application/pdf},
}

@phdthesis{ref42,
	address = {Sevilla},
	title = {Modelo dinámico de un electrolizador alcalino},
	language = {Español},
	school = {Universidad de Sevilla},
	author = {López Ramírez, Juan Rafael},
	year = {2011},
	file = {PDF:C\:\\Users\\ponce\\Zotero\\storage\\EFFY5H3Z\\López Ramírez - 2011 - Modelo dinámico de un electrolizador alcalino.pdf:application/pdf},
}

@article{ref43,
	title = {El {Hidrógeno} como almcacen energético. {Aplicación} de la pila de combustible reversible polimérica.},
	volume = {14},
	language = {es},
	journal = {Anales de la Real Academia de Doctores de España},
	author = {Guerra, D Carlos Fúnez and Clemente, M. del Carmen and {Funez Guerra, Carlos}},
	year = {2010},
	pages = {71--91},
	file = {PDF:C\:\\Users\\ponce\\Zotero\\storage\\Q7F4U3UA\\Guerra et al. - 2010 - El Hidrógeno como almcacen energético. Aplicación de la pila de combustible reversible polimérica..pdf:application/pdf},
}

@article{ref46,
	title = {Advanced characterization of alkaline water electrolysis through electrochemical impedance spectroscopy and polarization curves},
	volume = {974},
	issn = {15726657},
	url = {https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S1572665724006878},
	doi = {10.1016/j.jelechem.2024.118709},
	abstract = {Improved electrolyzer components are needed to make alkaline water electrolyzers more flexible and durable. The performance of these new components can be assessed through in situ electrochemical characterization in the form of polarization curves and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS). Presently, EIS is still mostly used for the IR-correction of the polarization curve, but more valuable information can be extracted. In this work we show how EIS data can be used to determine the dependence of ohmic resistance on current density, to derive anodic and cathodic Tafel slopes and exchange current densities from fitted charge transfer resistances, and to derive anodic and cathodic capacitances from fitted constant phase elements. We do this for both a two electrode alkaline electrolysis flow cell setup as well as for a three electrode beaker type setup with two-dimensional nickel electrodes. The presented tools can be used in performance studies of new and existing electrodes and membranes in alkaline water electrolysis.},
	language = {en},
	urldate = {2026-01-29},
	journal = {Journal of Electroanalytical Chemistry},
	author = {De Groot, Matheus T. and Vermeulen, Paul},
	month = dec,
	year = {2024},
	pages = {118709},
	file = {PDF:C\:\\Users\\ponce\\Zotero\\storage\\CZDM7YQ8\\De Groot and Vermeulen - 2024 - Advanced characterization of alkaline water electrolysis through electrochemical impedance spectrosc.pdf:application/pdf},
}

@article{ref47,
	title = {Elucidating the increased ohmic resistances in zero-gap alkaline water electrolysis},
	volume = {507},
	issn = {00134686},
	url = {https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0013468624013987},
	doi = {10.1016/j.electacta.2024.145161},
	abstract = {This study investigates the increased ohmic resistances observed in zero-gap alkaline water electrolyzers, aiming to provide insights that can help enhance electrolyzer efficiency and enable operation at higher current densities. Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) has been employed in combination with chronopotentiometry, utilizing a custom-designed flow cell with nickel perforated electrodes and a Zirfon UTP 500 diaphragm. Observed differences in area-ohmic resistance values obtained through I-V fitting and EIS, are ascribed to a nonlinear Tafel slope at higher current densities. Ohmic resistance values measured with EIS are up to 27\% higher than the ex-situ determined value, a significantly smaller percentage than expected based on previous studies. The presence of bubbles outside and inside the diaphragm is identified as the key factor contributing to this increased resistance. We recommend the use of an improved fitting approach, accounting for non-linear Tafel behavior, and the use of a 4-terminal configuration when performing EIS measurements to minimize cable and contact resistance.},
	language = {en},
	urldate = {2026-01-29},
	journal = {Electrochimica Acta},
	author = {Lira Garcia Barros, Rodrigo and Kelleners, Mathy H.G. and Van Bemmel, Lucas and Van Der Leegte, Thijmen V.N. and Van Der Schaaf, John and De Groot, Matheus T.},
	month = dec,
	year = {2024},
	pages = {145161},
	file = {PDF:C\:\\Users\\ponce\\Zotero\\storage\\IA7XZ24I\\Lira Garcia Barros et al. - 2024 - Elucidating the increased ohmic resistances in zero-gap alkaline water electrolysis.pdf:application/pdf},
}

@article{ref49,
	title = {Performance data extraction from dynamic long-term operation of proton exchange membrane and alkaline water electrolysis cells},
	volume = {127},
	issn = {03603199},
	url = {https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0360319925015393},
	doi = {10.1016/j.ijhydene.2025.03.387},
	abstract = {The direct coupling of wind turbines to water electrolyzers promises scalable, green hydrogen production, but little is known about the impact of the fluctuating power provided by renewable energy sources on electrolyzer longevity. Therefore, we developed a realistic, semi-synthetic wind power profile to operate polymer electrolyte membrane (PEM) and alkaline water electrolysis (AWE) cells. We also established two analysis methods for the dynamically obtained I-V data. The methods enable the extraction of I-V curves, voltage degradation, and resistances. A major advantage of these methods is the highly accurate extraction of performance metrics without interrupting dynamic operation. Cell voltage degradation in both electrolysis technologies depends on both the current density and operation mode. While extracting an accurate ohmic cell resistance for AWE cells proved challenging, we found good agreement for PEMWE cells with the high-frequency resistance measured by impedance spectroscopy. With the proposed methods, the stability of all types of electrolysis systems can be studied during dynamic operation.},
	language = {en},
	urldate = {2026-01-29},
	journal = {International Journal of Hydrogen Energy},
	author = {Pape, Sharon-Virginia and Zerressen, Sarah and Seidler, Martin Florian and Keller, Roger and Lohmann-Richters, Felix and Müller, Martin and Apfel, Ulf-Peter and Mechler, Anna K. and Glüsen, Andreas},
	month = may,
	year = {2025},
	pages = {51--63},
	file = {PDF:C\:\\Users\\ponce\\Zotero\\storage\\F8PPURT9\\Pape et al. - 2025 - Performance data extraction from dynamic long-term operation of proton exchange membrane and alkalin.pdf:application/pdf},
}

@article{ref52,
	title = {Flexible endothermic or exothermic operation for temperature-oriented alkaline water electrolysis},
	volume = {5},
	issn = {26663864},
	url = {https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S266638642400136X},
	doi = {10.1016/j.xcrp.2024.101900},
	abstract = {Traditional 60 C–85 C alkaline water electrolysis (AWE) systems suffer from high specific energy consumption (4.4–5.3 kWh Nm 3), which is yielded by poor performance and consumes parasitic energy to remove excessive heat. This study presents construction of a 20 kW endo-/exothermic ET-AWE system, oriented by elevated temperature (ET), that achieves a performance of 1.768 V@0.612 A cm 2 for 5.314 Nm3 h 1 hydrogen production while accomplishing R12 h thermoneutral operation. By trading off between system thermal and electrical energy requirements, a universal criterion to determine thermoneutral points yielding an optimal efficiency of 82.56\%, and a decreased specific energy consumption of 4.293 kWh Nm 3 at 0.594 A cm 2 and 130 C is proposed. The capacity of ET-AWE systems to receive external heat from diversified thermal sources in endothermic mode is possible in this system. Flexible combined hydrogen and high-value heat supplies in exothermic mode allow for unique electric-hydrogen-heat coordination.},
	language = {en},
	number = {4},
	urldate = {2026-01-29},
	journal = {Cell Reports Physical Science},
	author = {Zhang, Weizhe and Zhuo, Yuhang and Hao, Peixuan and Liu, Menghua and Liu, Houquan and Li, Shuang and Shi, Yixiang and Cai, Ningsheng},
	month = apr,
	year = {2024},
	pages = {101900},
	file = {PDF:C\:\\Users\\ponce\\Zotero\\storage\\HKIXQH33\\Zhang et al. - 2024 - Flexible endothermic or exothermic operation for temperature-oriented alkaline water electrolysis.pdf:application/pdf},
}

@article{ref57,
	title = {Ohmic resistance in zero gap alkaline electrolysis with a {Zirfon} diaphragm},
	volume = {369},
	issn = {00134686},
	url = {https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0013468620320776},
	doi = {10.1016/j.electacta.2020.137684},
	abstract = {Alkaline water electrolyzers are traditionally operated at low current densities, due to high internal ohmic resistance. Modern diaphragms with low internal resistance such as the Zirfon diaphragm combined with a zero gap configuration potentially open the way to operation at higher current densities. Data for the Zirfon diaphragm show that the resistance is only 0.1–0.15 cm2 in 30\% KOH at 80 °C, in line with estimations based on the porosity. Nevertheless, an analysis of data on zero gap alkaline electrolyzers with Zirfon reveals that the area resistances are significantly higher, ranging from 0.23 to 0.76 cm2. A numerical simulation of the secondary current distribution in the zero gap configuration shows that an uneven current distribution, imperfect zero gap and the presence of bubbles can probably only partly explain the increased resistance. Therefore, other factors such as the presence of nanobubbles could play a role.},
	language = {en},
	urldate = {2026-01-29},
	journal = {Electrochimica Acta},
	author = {De Groot, Matheus T. and Vreman, Albertus W.},
	month = feb,
	year = {2021},
	pages = {137684},
	file = {PDF:C\:\\Users\\ponce\\Zotero\\storage\\GRJMS7IE\\De Groot and Vreman - 2021 - Ohmic resistance in zero gap alkaline electrolysis with a Zirfon diaphragm.pdf:application/pdf},
}

@article{ref58,
	title = {Contact resistance measurement methods for {PEM} fuel cell bipolar plates and power terminals},
	volume = {555},
	issn = {03787753},
	url = {https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0378775322013180},
	doi = {10.1016/j.jpowsour.2022.232341},
	abstract = {The electrical contact resistance is a key parameter for optimising both the bipolar plate of the polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cell (PEMFC) and the electrical contact of the power terminal of the stack. The contact resistance is affected by the conductivity, roughness, and hardness of the two contacting surfaces. Here, new, application-specific contact resistance measurement methods are proposed for both the stack power terminal, and the bipolar plate. The proposed methods are compared to methods from references as well as standards, and it is concluded that the uncertainty of the measurements can be reduced by changing the measurement setup, and that the influence of probe resistance on measurement results can be eliminated. Furthermore, the effect of different accelerated durability tests on the contact resistance of the power terminal is examined both on test coupons and on a prototype screw connection with an electroless NiP and an electroplated NiSn coatings. As expected, the NiSn coupons gives lower contact resistance after ageing as compared to the NiP. However, the increase in contact resistance seen on coupons after ageing is not observed on the prototype screw connection.},
	language = {en},
	urldate = {2026-01-29},
	journal = {Journal of Power Sources},
	author = {Mølmen, Live and Fast, Lars and Lundblad, Anders and Eriksson, Peter and Leisner, Peter},
	month = jan,
	year = {2023},
	pages = {232341},
	file = {PDF:C\:\\Users\\ponce\\Zotero\\storage\\YNRV7XTT\\Mølmen et al. - 2023 - Contact resistance measurement methods for PEM fuel cell bipolar plates and power terminals.pdf:application/pdf},
}

@article{ref59,
	title = {Voltage losses in zero-gap alkaline water electrolysis},
	volume = {497},
	issn = {03787753},
	url = {https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S037877532100402X},
	doi = {10.1016/j.jpowsour.2021.229864},
	abstract = {Reducing the gap between the electrodes and diaphragm to zero is an often adopted strategy to reduce the ohmic drop in alkaline water electrolyzers for hydrogen production. We provide a thorough account of the current–voltage relationship in such a zero-gap configuration over a wide range of electrolyte concentrations and current densities. Included are voltage components that are not often experimentally quantified like those due to bubbles, hydroxide depletion, and dissolved hydrogen and oxygen. As is commonly found for zero-gap configurations, the ohmic resistance was substantially larger than that of the separator. We find that this is because the relatively flat electrode area facing the diaphragm was not active, likely due to separator pore blockage by gas, the electrode itself, and or solid deposits. Over an e-folding time-scale of ten seconds, an additional ohmic drop was found to arise, likely due to gas bubbles in the electrode holes. For electrolyte concentrations below 0.5 M, an overpotential was observed, associated with local depletion of hydroxide at the anode. Finally, a high supersaturation of hydrogen and oxygen was found to significantly increase the equilibrium potential at elevated current densities. Most of these voltage losses are shown to be easily avoidable by introducing a small 0.2 mm gap, greatly improving the performance compared to zero-gap.},
	language = {en},
	urldate = {2026-01-29},
	journal = {Journal of Power Sources},
	author = {Haverkort, J.W. and Rajaei, H.},
	month = jun,
	year = {2021},
	pages = {229864},
	file = {PDF:C\:\\Users\\ponce\\Zotero\\storage\\PXI67LLK\\Haverkort and Rajaei - 2021 - Voltage losses in zero-gap alkaline water electrolysis.pdf:application/pdf},
}

@article{ref60,
	title = {Dynamic {Electrochemical} {Impedance} {Spectroscopy}: {A} {Forward} {Application} {Approach} for {Lithium}‐{Ion} {Battery} {Status} {Assessment}},
	volume = {7},
	issn = {2567-3173, 2567-3173},
	shorttitle = {Dynamic {Electrochemical} {Impedance} {Spectroscopy}},
	url = {https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/eom2.70018},
	doi = {10.1002/eom2.70018},
	abstract = {Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS), as a non-invasive and non-destructive diagnostic technique, has shown unique advantages and significant potential in lithium-ion battery state monitoring. However, its traditional steady-state methods face substantial limitations under the non-stationary operating conditions commonly encountered in practical applications. To overcome these challenges, dynamic electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (DEIS) has emerged as a critical tool due to its realtime monitoring capabilities. This review provides a comprehensive overview of recent advances in DEIS for lithium-ion battery state monitoring, starting with an in-depth explanation of its working principles and a comparison with conventional EIS to highlight their respective advantages. Analytical methodologies for EIS are then introduced to establish a theoretical foundation for the discussion of subsequent findings. The review emphasizes recent breakthroughs achieved using DEIS, particularly in elucidating charge transfer dynamics during charge–discharge cycles, detecting lithium plating at the anode, and monitoring internal temperature variations within batteries. It further explores the potential of DEIS in battery health prediction, demonstrating its role in enhancing the accuracy and reliability of battery management systems. Finally, the review concludes with a forward-looking perspective on the future development of DEIS, underscoring its transformative potential in advancing battery diagnostics and management technologies.},
	language = {en},
	number = {7},
	urldate = {2026-01-29},
	journal = {EcoMat},
	author = {Zhang, Xinyi and Lu, Yunpei and Shi, Jingfu and Liu, Yuezheng and Cheng, Hao and Lu, Yingying},
	month = jul,
	year = {2025},
	pages = {e70018},
	file = {PDF:C\:\\Users\\ponce\\Zotero\\storage\\FDADJ9TN\\Zhang et al. - 2025 - Dynamic Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy A Forward Application Approach for Lithium‐Ion Batte.pdf:application/pdf},
}